Anwar Ibrahim

Financial crisis

During the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, Anwar supported the IMF plan as a finance minister. He also instituted an austerity package that cut government spending by 18%, cut ministerial salaries and deferred major projects. "Mega projects", despite being a cornerstone of Mahathir's development strategy, were greatly curtailed.^[35]

Although many Malaysian companies faced bankruptcy, Anwar declared: "There is no question of any bailout. The banks will be allowed to protect themselves and the government will not interfere." Anwar advocated a free-market approach to the crisis, including foreign investment and trade liberalisation. Mahathir blamed currency speculators like George Soros for the crisis and supported currency controls and tighter regulation of foreign investment.^[36]

Fall from power and first sodomy conviction

In 1998 the Newsweek magazine named Anwar the "Asian of the Year" in spite of being beaten by the then Inspector General of Police.^[37] However, in that year, matters between Anwar and Mahathir came to a head around the quadrennial UMNO General Assembly. The Youth wing of UMNO, headed by Anwar's associate Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, gave notice that it would initiate a debate on "cronyism and nepotism". At the General Assembly, a book by Khalid Jafri, "50 Dalil Mengapa Anwar Tidak Boleh Jadi PM" ("50 Arguments Why Anwar Shouldn't Be Prime Minister") was circulated containing graphic allegations of homosexuality, as well as accusations of corruption against Anwar. Khalid Jafri was an ex-editor of the government-controlled newspaper Utusan Malaysia and former editor-in-chief of a failed magazine, Harian National. Anwar obtained a court injunction to prevent further distribution of the book and filed a lawsuit against the author for defamation. Police charged the author of the book with malicious publishing of false news.^[38] The police were instructed to investigate the veracity of the claims.

On 2 September 1998, Anwar was fired from the Cabinet, and many reports state that he was under investigation for sodomy, an act that is illegal in Malaysia. The following day, he was expelled from UMNO. In what the Sydney Morning Herald termed a blatantly political fix-up,^[39] Anwar was arrested on 20 September 1998 and detained without trial under the country's controversial Internal Security Act (ISA). Weeks later, Anwar was charged with corruption for allegedly interfering with his own police investigation. While he was in police custody in 1998, Anwar was beaten by the Inspector General of Police, Abdul Rahim Mohd Noor. The public and the media only witnessed his black eye after being brought to Court for the first time. Rahim was subsequently found guilty of assault and jailed for two months in 2000. He made a public apology to Anwar and paid undisclosed damages.^[40]

During the trial, a mattress supposedly stained with Anwar's semen was presented to the court as DNA evidence of Anwar's sexual acts. Anwar denied having anything to do with the mattress, although the DNA tests came out positive. Lim Kong Boon, a DNA chemist, testified during the trial that DNA taken from 10 of 13 semen stains on the mattress matched Anwar's DNA.^[41][42][43] The defence team implied that DNA samples may have been taken from Anwar, while unconscious, after his beating in police custody, to create false forensics evidence to frame Anwar; however, High Court Judge Augustine Paul accepted that DNA evidence.^[42][43]

The High Court eventually handed down its decision in April 1999, sentencing Anwar to six years' imprisonment for corruption and sodomy. Two months later, he was sentenced to nine years' imprisonment for sodomy, which he was ordered to serve after completing his six-year sentence for corruption.^[44] His trial and conviction were widely discredited by the international community. Amnesty International stated that the trial proceedings "exposed a pattern of political manipulation of key state institutions including the police, public prosecutor's office and the judiciary"^[45] and called Anwar a prisoner of conscience, arguing that his arrest was intended to silence political opposition.^[46]

The Federal Court overturned his conviction and Anwar was finally released from solitary confinement on 2 September 2004.^[47]

First sodomy conviction

In 1999, Anwar brought suit against Prime Minister Mahathir for defamation for allegedly uttering accusations of immoral acts and calling Anwar a homosexual at a news conference in Malaysia.^[49]

The sodomy verdict was overturned in 2004, resulting in Anwar's release from prison as he had already served his sentence for the corruption offence.^[50] Anwar successfully sued Khalid Jafri for his 50 Dalil Kenapa Anwar Tidak Boleh Jadi PM book, but Khalid died in 2005 of complications from diabetes before the High Court found that he had committed libel and awarded Anwar millions of ringgit in compensation.^[51] The Federal Court on 8 March 2010 ruled that the 1998 dismissal of Anwar from his Cabinet posts by Mahathir was constitutional and valid, meaning Anwar had failed in his bid to challenge his sacking.^[52][53][54]

An appeal on the corruption charges was heard on 6 September 2004. Under Malaysian law, a person is banned from political activities for five years after the end of his sentence. Success in this appeal would have allowed him to return to politics immediately. On 7 September, the court agreed to hear Anwar's appeal. However, on 15 September, the Court of Appeal ruled unanimously that its previous decision to uphold a High Court ruling that found Anwar guilty was in order, relegating Anwar to the sidelines of Malaysian politics until 14 April 2008. The only way for Anwar to have been freed from this structure would have been for him to receive a pardon from the King of Malaysia.^[55]

Teaching and non-profit work

After his release from prison, Anwar held teaching positions at St Antony's College, Oxford, where he was a visiting fellow and senior associate member, at Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies in Washington, D.C., as a Distinguished Senior Visiting Fellow, and in 2005–2006 as a visiting professor at the Prince Alwaleed Center for Muslim–Christian Understanding in the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University.^[56] In March 2006 he was appointed as Honorary President of the London-based organisation AccountAbility (Institute of Social and Ethical AccountAbility).^[57]

In July 2006, Anwar was elected Chair of the Washington-based Foundation For the Future.^[58] In this capacity, he signed 1 October 2006 letter to Robin Cleveland of the World Bank, requesting the transfer of Shaha Riza from the US Department of State to the Foundation for the Future. This transaction led to Paul Wolfowitz's resignation as president of the organisation.^[59] He was one of the signatories of "A Common Word Between Us and You" in 2007, an open letter by Islamic scholars to Christian leaders, calling for peace and understanding.

Return to politics

In November 2006, Anwar announced he planned to run for Parliament in 2008 after his disqualification expired. Anwar was critical of government policies after his release from prison, most notably the New Economic Policy (NEP), which provided affirmative action for the Bumiputras. The policy set a number of quotas, such as for units of housing and initial public offerings, that must be met.^[60]

Before he became re-entitled to run for Parliament in 2008, he acted as an "advisor" of Parti Keadilan Rakyat, the party of which his wife Dr Wan Azizah was president. He was at the forefront in organising a November 2007 mass rally, called the 2007 Bersih Rally, which took place at Dataran Merdeka, Kuala Lumpur, to demand clean and fair elections. The gathering was organised by Bersih, a coalition comprising political parties and civil society groups, and drew supporters from all over the country.^[61]

The 2008 general election date was set for 8 March 2008, before Anwar's disqualification from politics expired, sparking criticisms that Barisan Nasional called for early elections in a bid to deny Anwar's plans for a return to Parliament. In response, Anwar's wife, Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, declared that she would step down should she retain her Permatang Pauh parliamentary seat to force a by-election in which Anwar himself would contest.^[62]

When asked about the possibility of Anwar becoming the next Prime Minister, former leader Tun Dr Mahathir reacted by saying, "He would make a good Prime Minister of Israel".^[63]

On 14 April 2008, Anwar celebrated his official return to the political stage, as his ban from public office expired a decade after he was fired as deputy prime minister. The opposition seized a third of parliamentary seats and five states in the worst-ever showing for the Barisan Nasional coalition that has ruled for half a century, with Anwar at the helm.^[64] A gathering of more than 40,000 supporters greeted Anwar in a rally welcoming his return to politics. Police interrupted Anwar after he had addressed the rally for nearly two hours and called for him to stop the gathering since there was no legal permission for the rally.^[65]

On 29 April 2008, after 10 years of absence, he returned to the Parliament, albeit upon invitation as a spouse guest of Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, People's Justice Party and the first female opposition leader in Malaysian Parliament's history.^[66]

Permatang Pauh by-election

Anwar Ibrahim was victorious in the Permatang Pauh by-election held on 26 August 2008. Muhammad Muhammad Taib, information chief of the UMNO, stated: "Yes, of course we have lost ... we were the underdogs going into this race."^[67] Final results announced by the Election Commission revealed that Anwar Ibrahim won 31,195 of the estimated 47,000 votes cast in the district, while Arif Shah Omar Shah received 15,524 votes and a third candidate had 92 votes.^[68][69]

On 28 August 2008, Anwar, dressed in a dark blue traditional Malay outfit and black songkok hat, took the oath at the main chamber of Parliament house in Kuala Lumpur, as MP for Permatang Pauh at 10.03 am before Speaker Tan Sri Pandikar Amin Mulia. He formally declared Anwar the leader of the 3-party opposition alliance. With his daughter Nurul Izzah Anwar, also a parliamentarian, Anwar announced: "I'm glad to be back after a decade. The prime minister has lost the mandate of the country and the nation."^[70][71] At that time Anwar needed 30 government lawmakers to defect to the Opposition to form the next government.^[72][73][74]

Petition against Najib Razak

Anwar continued to attack Najib on his first day as prime minister, stating he found inconsistencies in the latter's decision to release 13 Internal Security Act (ISA) detainees. He said as long as the ISA existed, Barisan Nasional could still detain citizens at will.^[76] In September 2011 Prime Minister Najib Razak acted to abolish the ISA and three other laws.^[77] Some members of the opposition did not view this in a positive way.^[78]

Parliamentary censure over APCO and 1Malaysia

Anwar has made numerous remarks about a supposed conspiracy among the Malaysian government, APCO (a public relations firm retained by the Malaysian government), Israel, and the United States. Anwar condemned the Malaysian government for seeking advice from APCO. He claims that the firm is linked to the "murder of Muslims in Palestine." He further claims to have given proof to a disciplinary committee of the Malaysian parliament, investigating his comments, that APCO is a front for the Israeli government. On another occasion, Anwar, speaking from the parliament, claimed that the firm was controlled by Jews and working on behalf of the American government to influence Malaysian foreign policy. He further implied that changes in Malaysian foreign policy could only be explained if Jews were manipulating Malaysia for the United States.^[79]

On 22 April 2010 Anwar was censured by Malaysia's parliament for remarks he made during a press conference in parliament on 30 March 2010. During the press conference, Anwar claimed to have documents linking 1Malaysia with One Israel and the public relations firm APCO but refused to allow access to the documents when challenged.^[80] The Malaysian government and APCO have both strongly denied Anwar's allegations. The censure motion passed by the House of Representatives referred Anwar's case to the Rights and Privileges Committee which will recommend a punishment for approval by the full chamber. Such punishment could include being banned from parliament.^[81][82][83] However Anwar retaliated against the Malaysian government attacks by producing two documents to support his claims of links between APCO and 1Malaysia.^[82][83]

Attempts to form a majority coalition

Anwar has missed several deadlines he personally set for the transfer of power.^[84] Anwar said he would need more time, and the recalibration of his message has not gone unnoticed: Deputy Prime Minister Najib Razak chose that day to initiate a broadband internet program Anwar opposes, saying that he had not doubted that the government would still be in office on 16 September.^[85] Prime Minister Abdullah Badawi too pointed out that Anwar had missed his own deadline, and dismissed his claim to have secured the defection of 30 MPs.^[86]

By 25 September, Anwar had still not amassed enough votes, creating doubts for Malaysians about whether he was really ready to take power,^[87] particularly in light of his failure to meet his own 16 September deadline for the transition of power. In the interim, UMNO had its own party meeting^[88][89] to broker Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi's step down from power in June 2009, a year earlier than previously promised.^[90]

On 24 October 2008, Anwar admitted problems with his stalled bid to topple the UMNO's majority, saying that Pakatan Rakyat is running out of options to create a majority.^[91] His "credibility among ordinary Malaysians has been somewhat dented after Sept 16 and the new promise of forming the Government has not generated the sort of anticipation or excitement as before."^[92] Media within the country have taken an increasingly hostile view towards Anwar's protestations and failed threats to assemble a majority government.^[93]

2013 general election

In the 2013 general election (GE13), Anwar Ibrahim, as the Leader of the Opposition, led his Pakatan Rakyat coalition (comprising the three parties DAP, PAS, and PKR) to contest in the election. On 25 February 2013, Pakatan Rakyat launched their manifesto titled The People's Manifesto: Pakatan the hope of the people, pledging to reduce their financial burden, among other promises.^[94][95] Anwar, who has taught at Oxford and Georgetown University, said he would return to academic life if he lost the next election to incumbent prime minister Najib Razak.^[96]

Pakatan Rakyat did not achieve the regime change target in the election despite obtaining 50.9% of the popular vote compared to the 47.4% gained by Barisan Nasional. This was attributed to the heavy malapportionment of the electoral districts.^[97] Pakatan Rakyat also gained 7 more parliamentary seats compared to the 12th general election.

Anwar did not concede defeat, alleging widespread electoral fraud. Al Jazeera reported that Anwar Ibrahim came close to winning the election on 5 May 2013 but refused to admit defeat, and therefore also did not step down.^[98] In an interview for ABC News, interviewer Jim Middleton suggested that Anwar Ibrahim was going to be the Lee Kuan Yew of the Malaysian opposition.^[99][100] Anwar answered that he was not at that stage yet.

On 7 May 2013, Anwar Ibrahim vowed to lead a "fierce movement" to reform the country's electoral system and challenge the results of an election he lost.^[101] On 8 May 2013, about 120,000 people wearing black gathered at Petaling Jaya Stadium, Kelana Jaya, Selangor, to attend a rally organised by Anwar to protest against the election results and demand a free and fair election.^[102] The #Black505 movement continued for another 2 months with touring all over the country. A successful fundraising #Black505 dinner was held in Thean Hou Temple hall on 22 June 2013, hosted by Wangsa Maju MP Datuk Dr Tan Kee Kwong on behalf of PKR. Anwar Ibrahim immediately launched electoral petitions for over 30 disputed parliamentary seats in July 2013. However, the cases were thrown off election court for technical reasons. Anwar described the decision as a bad decision and disgraced the name of the country's judicial institution.^[103]

Kajang Move

On 27 January 2014, the member of the Selangor State Legislative Assembly for Kajang, Lee Chin Cheh, resigned.^[104] This triggered a by-election. A day later, Anwar Ibrahim was announced as Pakatan Rakyat candidate for the by-election.^[105] Anwar's candidacy was originally to propel him to become Selangor's Menteri Besar.^[106] Later, this move was known as the "Kajang Move".

This move, however, did not materialise as he was sentenced to five years' prison after Malaysia's Court of Appeal overturned his sodomy acquittal, causing Anwar to lose his qualification to be the state assembly candidate.^[107] On 9 March 2014, PKR announced party president Dr Wan Azizah Wan Ismail as its new candidate for the Kajang by-election.^[108] Anwar's Datuk Seri title was stripped by the Sultan of Selangor for "repeated questioning of the integrity" of the state's ruler during the subsequent crisis that saw the Sultan refuse to appoint Wan Azizah as Menteri Besar.^[109] Anwar was able to continue using the "Datuk Seri" title because it had also been conferred on him by several other Malaysian states.^[110]

2008–2014 sodomy trials

On 29 June 2008, online news portal Malaysiakini reported that a male aide of Anwar, Saiful Bukhari Azlan, had lodged a police report claiming that he had been sodomised by Anwar.^[111] Anwar said that the possibility of a prison sentence as a result of the allegations could be seen as an attempt to remove him from the leadership of the opposition following his growing support and by-election victories. He also reaffirmed his innocence and cited evidence in the form of medical reports.^[75] In July 2008, he was arrested over allegations of sodomy again, but was acquitted of the charge in January 2012 by The High Court.^[112] The presiding judge ruled that DNA evidence used in the case had been compromised and was unreliable.^[113] The prosecution filed an appeal against the acquittal.^[114]

On 7 March 2014, the Court of Appeal overturned the acquittal by unanimously deciding that the High Court failed to "critically evaluate" the evidence submitted by government chemist Dr Seah Lay Hong.^[115] The Court of Appeal rushed through a unanimous decision, signed by all three judges, and sentenced Anwar to five years imprisonment, disqualifying him from nomination in the Kajang by-election scheduled on 11 March. The conviction was viewed by some as a politically motivated attempt to prevent Anwar from contesting in the 2014 Kajang by-election, which he was expected to win and becoming Selangor's chief minister.^[116] Human Rights Watch and the International Commission of Jurists have accused the Malaysian government of meddling in this particular judicial matter and said the verdict was politically motivated.^[117][118] On 10 February 2015, the Federal Court of Malaysia upheld the decision of the Court of Appeal and affirmed the five-year prison sentence. He was sent immediately to Sungai Buloh Prison, Selangor, to serve the sentence.^[119]

Royal pardon and release

After the Pakatan Rakyat's dissolution during his imprisonment, a new opposition coalition named the Pakatan Harapan was formed with Anwar as the de facto leader in absentia. The coalition had come into power by overthrowing Barisan Nasional in the 2018 general election (GE14). Following the formation of the new ruling government, Anwar was given a full royal pardon and was released from prison on 16 May 2018. He was designated to take over the reins from interim prime minister Mahathir Mohamad as planned and agreed by the coalition before GE14.^[120][121] In an interview, he justified his reluctance to immediately step into power on the basis that Mahathir appeared committed to the reform agenda, and was doing a good job tackling a "disintegrating" political system. He also added that he was keen to travel and honour speaking engagements.^[122] Anwar also indicated that he initially had reservations about Mahathir's "reconciliation efforts", but he eventually forgave his former enemy after Mahathir showed "compassion and concern which (Anwar) thought was absent in the past".

Return to parliament

Anwar returned to Parliament through the Port Dickson by-election on 13 October 2018,^[123] after receiving a royal pardon for a sodomy conviction he maintained was politically motivated. He won the by-election with an increased majority, returning to Parliament for the first time in three years.^[124] The seat had been vacated by army veteran Danyal Balagopal Abdullah, a member of parliament for Anwar's PKR.^[125]

Sheraton Move and return to opposition

In late February 2020, the Pakatan Harapan government collapsed following defections by Anwar's deputy, Azmin Ali, and several MPs aligned to him, along with the withdrawal of BERSATU by Muhyiddin Yassin from the coalition. Mahathir promptly resigned from government, as well as from BERSATU. The political manoeuvring has been labelled the "Sheraton Move" for the hotel in Petaling Jaya at which defecting MPs gathered with the opposition to show support for a new government.^[126] Following the resignation of Mahathir, Anwar attempted to gather support for his appointment as prime minister. However, BERSATU president, Muhyiddin Yassin, was eventually appointed prime minister, with the support of a slender majority in the Dewan Rakyat.^[127] Thus, Pakatan Harapan returned to the opposition, with Anwar being named leader of the opposition.^[128]

Collaboration with UMNO

In September 2020, Anwar attempted to form a new government, claiming that he had amassed a "formidable" majority,^[131] and submitted the number of 120 members of parliament to the then-Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Abdullah of Pahang.^[132] However, this move failed and Anwar, speaking at a party congress in July 2022, claimed that he had been forced to back down after refusing to provide assurances to Barisan Nasional and UMNO leaders that he would discontinue their court cases.^[133] Zahid had previously admitted to writing a statutory declaration alongside Najib supporting Anwar for the position as prime minister in October 2020.^[134]

In April 2021, a four-minute voice recording of a purported conversation between Anwar and Zahid shortly after an UMNO general assembly was leaked online, where the former praised the latter for their speech seeking a mandate from the party's membership to end its alliance with Perikatan Nasional.^[135] Despite both Anwar and Zahid's denial of the recording's veracity, Anwar argued it proved no wrongdoing.^[136] Zahid later admitted that it was his voice in the recording in July the same year.^[137]

2022 general election

At a pre-election Pakatan Harapan convention, the coalition officially announced Anwar Ibrahim as the coalition's candidate for prime minister in the 2022 general election.^[138] Anwar announced he would be contesting the Tambun parliamentary seat in the 2022 general election and that if he became prime minister, he would form a smaller cabinet and reduce cabinet ministers' salaries.^[139] The decision to contest in Tambun, where an easy victory was not expected, was motivated by the fact its incumbent member of parliament at the time was former chief minister of Perak and BERSATU member Ahmad Faizal Azumu, who had followed his party into the opposing Perikatan Nasional coalition during the Sheraton Move. For this, he was labelled a "traitor" by the Pakatan Harapan coalition.^[140]

In the 2022 Malaysian general election held on 19 November 2022, Anwar's Pakatan Harapan coalition won a plurality of 82 seats out of 222, below the 112 seats needed for a majority.^[141] On 20 November, Anwar said that Pakatan Harapan had negotiated with other parties to form the federal government with a majority pending approval by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, but Anwar refused to mention which other parties were cooperating with Pakatan Harapan.^[142] Also that day, Perikatan Nasional leader Muhyiddin Yassin claimed to have a sufficient majority to be appointed as prime minister, citing support from Perikatan Nasional, Barisan Nasional, Gabungan Parti Sarawak, and Gabungan Rakyat Sabah.^[143] On 21 November, Anwar was one of several Pakatan Harapan leaders that met with several Barisan Nasional leaders, including Ahmad Zahid Hamidi and Ismail Sabri Yaakob, at the Seri Pacific Hotel.^[144]

On 22 November, the royal palace stated that after the Yang di-Pertuan Agong reviewed the statutory declarations for prime minister, he found that "no member of parliament has the majority support to be appointed prime minister", so the Yang di-Pertuan Agong summoned Anwar and Muhyiddin to meet him.^[145][146] After the meeting, Muhyiddin said that the Yang di-Pertuan Agong proposed a unity government between Pakatan Harapan and Perikatan Nasional, but that Muhyiddin had rejected the idea as Perikatan Nasional "will not cooperate" with Pakatan Harapan; while Anwar acknowledged that the prime minister had yet to be determined, while stating "given time, I think we will secure a simple majority".^[147][148]

Anwar was sworn in as Malaysia's 10th Prime Minister on 24 November 2022, by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Al-Sultan Abdullah, after consulting with the Conference of Rulers of Malaysia.^[4][149] However, Muhyiddin continued to insist that he had the support of a majority of 115 MPs to form the next government and called on Anwar to prove his majority by revealing his statutory declarations.^[150] As of 24 November, Anwar had received support from MPs from PH, BN, GPS, Warisan, MUDA and PBM, as well as independent MPs.^[151] Anwar pledged to hold a vote of confidence on 19 December 2022, once MPs had been sworn into the Dewan Rakyat.^[151]

On 25 November, both Anwar and Gabungan Rakyat Sabah leader Hajiji Noor stated that the latter's coalition had joined the unity government supporting Anwar; giving him a two-thirds majority in parliament.^[152][153] Muhyiddin congratulated and acknowledged Anwar as prime minister, but declined the latter's invitation to join the unity government, stating that Perikatan would play the role of a "credible opposition" to ensure "corruption-free governance".^[154][155] Anwar also reiterated that he will not be taking any form of government salary during his tenure as Prime Minister and Finance Minister as a sign of his leadership and to gain the confidence of the people.^[156]

On 19 December, a motion of confidence for Anwar was passed by the Dewan Rakyat through a voice vote, further solidifying his legitimacy as prime minister.^{[157][158][159]}

Cabinet

Anwar announced his cabinet on 2 December 2022, appointing himself as the Minister of Finance. He also appointed President of UMNO Ahmad Zahid Hamidi and the Parliamentary Whip of Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS) Fadillah Yusof as the Deputy Prime Ministers. This marked the first time Malaysia had two deputy prime ministers in office concurrently.

Zahid's appointment was controversial due to his ongoing trials for money laundering, bribery and criminal breach of trust.^[160][161] It has been referred to as a "kleptocrat" cabinet as a result.^[162]

Criticism and allegations of nepotism were directed at Anwar following his decision to appoint Nurul Izzah Anwar as the chief economic and financial advisor to the prime minister on 3 January 2023. Despite reports indicating that Nurul Izzah was not getting paid for her position, she stepped down from her role as advisor in February 2023.^[163]

Anwar has publicly stated that he would be open to the inclusion of the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party, a major component of the opposition Perikatan Nasional coalition, if they accepted his conditions; including ensuring every citizen regardless of religious identity a place in the country.^[164]

Domestic affairs

Social issues

Analysts and observers have noted Anwar's adoption of Malay nationalist and conservative Islamist positions as a means of garnering Malay-Muslim support,^[202][203] a constituency with whom his coalition has low support,^[204] and who represent a majority of the country. These include the notable banning of LGBTQ themed Swatch watches and their related materials, making their possession punishable by three years in jail,^[205][206] as well as the government's support for a bill empowering muftis to issue legally binding fatwas without parliamentary oversight.^[207][208]

Anwar has also expanded the role of Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM) to include providing input on policy decisions following claims that his government had "abandoned Islam".^[209] However, he has refuted claims "excessive Islamisation", arguing that the move is intended to allow Muslims to gain a deeper knowledge of Islam to avoid inter-community conflict.^[210]

He also elicited public criticism for presiding over the conversion of a Malaysian Indian Hindu to Islam at a mosque.^[211][212]

Government institutions have been ordered not to entertain letters written in a language other than the national language, Malaysian Malay, as part of an effort to promote and empower its use.^[213]

International affairs

In response to the 2023 Quran burnings in Sweden, Anwar announced that Malaysia would print one million copies of the Quran to be distributed worldwide.^[214]

The government has sought to be classified as a low-risk country for deforestation by the European Union, with Malaysia having previously lodged complaints against the European Union to the World Trade Organization following the passing of new legislation banning the import of material and goods produced on deforested land. Palm oil is a major Malaysian export and has been linked with deforestation in Malaysia.^[215]

In June 2024, Anwar announced that Malaysia would soon begin the process of joining BRICS, following a positive reception to its expression of interest.^[216] He later sought to ease concerns about Malaysia's potential membership in the BRICS intergovernmental organisation, emphasising that it would not impact domestic politics.^[217] Malaysia attained BRICS partner country status on 24 October, with Rafizi Ramli representing Malaysia at the 16th BRICS Summit.^[218]

Anwar hosted negotiations in Kuala Lumpur between Thailand and Cambodia to end the 2025 Cambodia–Thailand border crisis on 28 July, where a ceasefire was achieved.^[219] The city later served as the location where a peace agreement was signed on 26 October 2025.^[220][221]

Anwar issued a condemnation of the U.S. military operation in Venezuela that led to the detention of President Nicolás Maduro and his wife. Anwar characterized the operation as a "clear violation of international law" and an "unlawful use of force against a sovereign state".^[222]

Gaza war and genocide

In October 2023, Anwar publicly condemned Israel in the Gaza war and urged for a ceasefire, calling for Palestinians to be "treated as human beings".^[223] His government's education ministry launched a nationwide Palestine Solidarity Week in support of Palestine and was criticised after students were seen with mock guns in schools.^[224][225] Despite two formal démarches by the U.S. Embassy for the Malaysian foreign ministry to designate Hamas a terrorist group, Anwar has publicly refused to do so, and has said his government would continue its relations with Hamas regardless of U.S. pressure.^[226][227]

On 20 December 2023, Anwar announced an immediate ban on ships bearing the Israeli flag from docking in Malaysia. Additionally, vessels destined for Israel will be prohibited from loading cargo at Malaysian ports.^[228]

In March 2024, on a trip to Germany, Anwar clarified that the Malaysian government only engages with Hamas' political wing and did not condone the killings of civilians. Anwar also called for the release of the hostages taken on 7 October by Hamas, but argued this alone would not be able to solve the conflict.^[229]

On 14 May 2024, Anwar met with top Hamas leaders in Qatar,^[230] a move met with some criticism.^[231] He condemned the killing of Yahya Sinwar by Israeli forces, referring to Israel as a "barbaric Zionist regime".^[232][233]

North Borneo dispute and the Malaysia-Sulu case

Litigation around the North Borneo dispute and the battle against the self-proclaimed heirs of the Sultan of Sulu has featured prominently in Anwar's premiership. His cabinet's response to the claims made by the purported Sulu descendants has been led by Azalina Othman Said, Minister for Law and Institutional Reforms in the prime minister's department.^[234]

He has also been vocal about his criticism of the claimants as well as the arbitration award announced by Spanish lawyer and arbitrator Gonzalo Stampa, describing the decision as a "sham and abusive".^[235] Stampa had ruled in favour of the Sulu claimants in France, and announced a settlement of US$14.9 billion payable by Malaysia, the largest arbitration award in history.^[236] This ruling was annulled by the French Court of Cassation in November 2024.^[237]

Also in November 2024, Philippine president Bongbong Marcos signed the Philippine Maritime Zones Act and the Philippine Archipelagic Sea Lanes Act.^[238] These laws reaffirmed the Philippines' maritime territories and rights to natural resources across the South China Sea, including Sabah, drawing strong criticism from Malaysia.^[238] On 15 November 2024, Kuala Lumpur lodged a diplomatic protest against the two maritime laws, arguing that they infringed upon Malaysia's territorial boundaries in the South China Sea.^[239][240]

Popularity

Public approval for Anwar has fallen since he first came to power, with a study conducted by Merdeka Center in October 2023 indicating that support had dropped from 68% to 50% among voters, while 60% believed the country was heading in the wrong direction.^[241] In 2023, The Economist opined that Anwar was wasting his opportunity in power.^[202]

In July 2025, a protest was organised by the opposition calling for Anwar's resignation. According to Malaysiakini, it had an attendance of some 25,000 people.^[242]

Israel and Palestine

In a press conference at the London School of Economics in March 2010, Anwar stated that Jews should not be condemned, but rather only the state ideology of Zionism and the aggression and injustice perpetrated against the Palestinians. He also believes that there are good and bad Jews, just as there are good and bad Muslims.^[252] In May 2010, B'nai B'rith International, a prominent Jewish human rights organisation, argued that Anwar has used his position in Malaysian parliament to spread anti-Semitic propaganda, such as his claim that Israeli spies are "directly involved in the running of the government". B'nai B'rith asked US officials to suspend their ties with Anwar Ibrahim.^[253]

In a 2012 interview with The Wall Street Journal, Anwar Ibrahim stated that he believes the policy towards Israel and Palestine should be clear – protecting the security of Israel while also being firm in protecting the legitimate interests of the Palestinians.^[254] Anwar later clarified his stance, saying that the remarks were consistent with the two-state solution adopted by the United Nations and Malaysia itself.^[255]

Anwar has also condemned US bias over the Israel-Palestine conflict,^[256] and called for Malaysia to recognise Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine.^[257]

LGBTQ rights

Anwar has expressed changing views on LGBTQ rights throughout his political career. In a 2012 interview, he suggested that Malaysia's sodomy laws, under which he had been prosecuted, were "archaic" and could be amended. He clarified that while he believed in the sanctity of marriage between men and women and did not want to legalise homosexuality or same-sex marriage, he did not perceive it as "[his] business" to attack or arrest people based on their sexual orientation.^[258][259]

In 2018, Anwar urged religious people to counter the demand by "super liberals" to recognise the "LGBTQ lifestyle", saying that they did not have the right to "force" society to accept their views on LGBTQ rights.^[260] In 2022, he filed a defamation suit against Perak PAS Commissioner Razman Zakaria, who had claimed that Anwar would push the "LGBTQ agenda" and support communism. Anwar said that he had always denounced the "agenda" and advocated Islamic teachings and values.^[261]

As prime minister in 2023, Anwar asserted that LGBTQ rights, secularism, and communism would never be recognised under his government.^[262] In a 2023 CNN interview, he stated that while excessive harassment of the LGBTQ community would not be condoned, Malaysia would not officially recognise LGBTQ rights due to the consensus among the population. He also suggested that the sodomy laws should be reviewed to prevent abuse and political persecution.^[263]

Biographies and popular media

Anwar early rise in politics have been depicted by Indonesian-Malaysian production film, Anwar: The Untold Story in 2023.^[269][270]

Honours of Malaysia

• Malaysia
  • Recipient of the 10th Yang di-Pertuan Agong Installation Medal (1994)
  • Recipient of the 16th Yang di-Pertuan Agong Installation Medal (2019)
  • Recipient of the 17th Yang di-Pertuan Agong Installation Medal (2024)
• Kedah
  • Knight Grand Companion of the Order of Loyalty to Sultan Sallehuddin of Kedah (SSSK) – Dato' Seri Diraja (2024)^[274][275]
  • Recipient of the Sultan Sallehuddin Installation Medal (2018)
• Kelantan
  • Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Kelantan (SPMK) – Dato' (2024)^[276][277]
• Malacca
  • Grand Commander of the Exalted Order of Malacca (DGSM) – Datuk Seri (1991)^[278]
• Negeri Sembilan
  • Knight Grand Commander of the Order of Loyalty to Negeri Sembilan (SPNS) – Dato' Seri Utama (1994)^[279]
• Pahang
  • Knight Grand Companion of the Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang (SSAP) – Dato' Sri (1990)^[280][281]
• Penang
  • Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of State (DUPN) – Dato' Seri Utama (1994)^[279][282]
  • Companion of the Order of the Defender of State (DMPN) – Dato' (1991)^[283][284]
• Perak
  • Knight Grand Commander of the Order of Cura Si Manja Kini (SPCM) – Dato' Seri (1995)^[285]
• Perlis
  • Knight Grand Companion of the Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Putra Jamalullail (SSPJ) – Dato' Seri Diraja (1995)^[286][287]
  • Recipient of Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin Jamalullail Silver Jubilee Medal (2025)
• Sabah
  • Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu (SPDK) – Datuk Seri Panglima (1994)^[279][288]
• Selangor
  • Knight Grand Companion of the Order of Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah (SSSA) – Dato' Seri (1992,^[289] revoked on 3 November 2014)^[290]

Foreign honours

• Kosovo
  • Recipient of the Order of Independence (2025)^[291][292]
• Pakistan
  • Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Pakistan (NPk) (2024)^[293]
• Peru
  • Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun of Peru (2024)^[294]
• Philippines
  • Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Knights of Rizal (KGCR) (1997)^[295]
• Timor-Leste
  • Grand Collar of the Order of Timor-Leste (2025)^[296][297]
• Turkiye
  • Recipient of the Order of the Republic (2026)^[298]

Honorary degrees

• China
  • Honorary Ph.D. degree from Tsinghua University (2024)^[299]
• Indonesia
  • Honorary Ph.D. degree in Political Education from State University of Padang (2018)^[300]
• Pakistan
  • Honorary Ph.D. degree in Philosophy from National University of Sciences & Technology (2024)^[301]
• Philippines
  • Honorary Ph.D. degree in law from University of the Philippines Diliman (2023)^[302]
• Russia
  • Honorary Ph.D. degree from Moscow State Institute of International Relations (2025)^[303]
• United States
  • Honorary Ph.D. degree in law from Shenandoah University (2025)^[304]

Others

• China
  • Honorary Professorship from Tsinghua University (2024)^[305]

Books

• Menangani Perubahan (Managing Changes), 1989.
• Gelombang Kebangkitan Asia (The Asian Renaissance), 1996.
• Membangun Negara Madani (For A Better Malaysia), 2022.
• Keadilan Bagi Orang Yang Bersolat (Justice For People Who Pray), 2022.
• Rethinking Ourselves: Justice, Reform and Ignorance in Post-Normal Times, 2025

Prefaces

• Malek Bennabi, Islam in History and Society, 1991.
• Ziauddin Sardar, The Future of Muslim Civilization, 2006.