Atari 800XL
Home computer by Atari, Inc., released in 1983
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Atari 800XL is a home computer produced by the American company Atari, Inc. It is based on a custom variant of the 6502 microprocessor.
Atari Corporation (from July 1984)
United Kingdom, £249
Germany, ~800 DM
 | |
 Atari 800XL | |
| Developer | Mark Lutvak (lead), Joe Decuir (ANTIC), George McLeod (GTIA), Doug Neubauer (POKEY), Steve Mayer Research Lab (hardware, operating system),[1] Regan Cheng (case)[2] |
|---|---|
| Manufacturer | Atari, Inc. (until July 1984) Atari Corporation (from July 1984) |
| Released | United States, November 1983; United Kingdom, November 1983; Germany, April 1984 |
| Introductory price | United States, US$299 United Kingdom, £249 Germany, ~800 DM |
| Discontinued | November 1985 Germany, early 1990s |
| CPU | MOS 6502 "Sally" @ 1.79 MHz (NTSC), 1.77 MHz (PAL) |
| Memory | 64 KB DRAM |
| Graphics | Various text and graphics modes 8 monochrome sprites ("Players" and "Missiles") Color selection from a 256-color palette |
| Sound | 4 sound generators (output via TV) |
The computer is an evolution of the Atari 1200XL, released in the United States in March 1983. The core electronics and visual design were largely retained, with technical improvements focused on expandability and simplified production. Positioned as a direct competitor to the Commodore 64, Atari equipped the 800XL with 64 kilobytes (KB) of RAM. Like the entry-level Atari 600XL, which had only 16 KB of RAM, the Atari BASIC programming language is built into the computer and available upon startup.
The device launched globally at the end of 1983, accompanied by extensive advertising campaigns. During the 1983 Christmas season, delayed production limited availability, causing Atari to lose significant market share to competitors, particularly the Commodore 64. Following Atari's acquisition by Jack Tramiel, drastic price reductions were implemented worldwide by the 1984 Christmas season. These made the Atari 800XL the most affordable computer in its performance class but failed to displace the Commodore 64 as the market leader.
After the introduction of the successor XE series in early 1985, production of the Atari 800XL continued in parallel until November 1985. As demand waned in North America and Western Europe from mid-1986, the computer saw an unexpected resurgence in Comecon countries, achieving market leadership alongside the XE series. This strong demand prompted a production restart in July 1988. By late 1992, Atari discontinued support and production of its 8-bit computers.
Upon release, the trade press praised the computer's attractive design, solid build quality, built-in Atari BASIC, and extensive range of peripherals and software.
History
Atari 400
Atari 800
Atari 1200XL
Atari 600XL
Atari introduced the 600XL and 800XL in 1993 as more cost effective and lightly modernized versions of the Atari 400 and Atari 800 from 1979. The company hoped to compete with Commodore International and the Commodore 64.[3]
Development
Two configurations were planned. The entry-level model with 16 KB of RAM—the later Atari 600XL—was intended to compete with the VIC-20 and ZX Spectrum, while the 64 KB model targeted the Commodore 64's market share. Internally codenamed "Surely" and "Surely Plus,"[4] these projects leveraged resources and staff from the "Liz" project, which had produced the Atari 1200XL.[5]
Project "Surely Plus"
Development of the higher-end XL variant began in March 1983, based on the system architecture of previous models, using custom chips ANTIC, GTIA, and POKEY, and a specialized MOS 6502 variant named "SALLY," previously used in the Atari 1200XL. Innovations included integrating the Atari BASIC programming language and adding an expansion port.[6]
Renaming to Atari 800XL, Introduction, and Delayed Production
Introduction at Summer CES 1983
The newly named Atari 800XL was unveiled alongside new peripherals at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Chicago in early June 1983.[7] Atari invited representatives from major national user groups to evaluate the devices, aiming to identify potential flaws before production to avoid the Atari 1200XL's failure.[8]
The computer soon passed electromagnetic compatibility tests by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC), a prerequisite for U.S. sales. Development for compatibility with various television standards, such as PAL, was completed, and PAL units were showcased at the Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin in late summer 1983. Production transfer to Hong Kong was delayed by a month due to a leadership change at Atari,[9] as was the manufacturing of European-market units in Ireland.[10]
Marketing
Alan Alda (2008)
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Atari marketed the 800XL as a powerful, user-friendly device for beginners ("We made them smart enough to know you’re only human," "Discover what you and Atari can do") and small users, for education, and gaming ("You’ll do more with Atari home computers," "The 800XL: power enough for over 2,000 programs").[11] The campaign featured large newspaper ads and TV commercials, with U.S. actor Alan Alda, introduced at the June 1983 CES, as the spokesperson. His five-year, $5 million engagement followed extensive market research by Atari.[12][13]
Market Launch and Supply Issues
The Atari 800XL launched in North America and Great Britain in late November 1983, priced at $299 in the United States[14][15] and £249 in the UK.[16] Initial production delays meant only 60% of pre-ordered units were delivered by Christmas in North America,[15] even with costly air freight imports.[17] The entire 1983 production of approximately 400,000 Atari 600XL and 800XL units sold out by year-end.[18][19] Due to supply shortages, significant quantities reached France and West Germany only in April 1984,[20] priced at 3200 francs[21] and ~800 DM, respectively.[22] A SECAM variant for France was available from June 1984 for 3500 francs.[23] In Italy, the computer likely launched around the same time for 707,000 lire.[24]
Price Increase and Olympic Sponsorship
In early 1984, Atari raised wholesale prices for the XL series by $40 in North America, citing a desire to sell at cost and end the destructive price war in the home computer industry.[17] Marketing efforts increasingly targeted educational institutions like schools.[25] In summer 1984, Atari sponsored the Olympic Games in Los Angeles, branding the 800XL as the "Official Home Computer of the 1984 Olympics" to enhance its prestige. The company also secured extensive TV advertising contracts to reach more potential buyers.[26][27]
After Jack Tramiel's Acquisition of Atari and Initial Price Cuts
Jack Tramiel (2007)
Following Jack Tramiel's unexpected acquisition of Atari in July 1984,[28] uncertainty surrounded the XL series' future. Tramiel's plans, however, only discontinued the unprofitable Atari 600XL.[29] With ~100,000 800XL units in stock[30] and production optimizations from August 1984 yielding ~150,000 units monthly,[31][32] significant price reductions followed.[note 1]
"Power without the Price" and "Marketing for the Masses"
From November 1984, under Tramiel's slogan "Power without the Price," further price cuts swept Europe.[33][note 2] A pre-Christmas price drop to $120 in the U.S. and £130 in the UK, matching the Sinclair ZX Spectrum,[34][note 3] sparked speculation of a sell-off for new models.[35] Rumors were fueled by Atari's September hints at a refreshed 800XL successor.[36] Atari denied these, attributing the aggressive pricing to further production optimizations[34] and confirming continued production.[37] The price war, with prices in West Germany dropping from ~650 to 500 DM in December 1984, targeted the Commodore 64's market share.[38]
Under Tramiel's "Marketing for the Masses" strategy, bundle deals proliferated in Europe. For example, the UK chain Laskys offered the Starter Pak—including the computer, Atari 1010 cassette recorder, joystick, manuals, and software—for £170 from December. This made the 800XL one of the cheapest in its class, outpricing the Commodore 64 and MSX computers.[34][note 4] In 1984, Atari sold ~600,000 800XL units globally[39] and ranked among the top three school computers in the U.S.[40] However, it failed to overtake the Commodore 64, which sold roughly four times as many units.[41]
Further price cuts cfter XE Series introduction, bundle deals
In January 1985, Atari introduced the Atari ST series and updated 8-bit computers, including the Atari 130XE with 128 KB RAM, at the CES in Las Vegas. The memory management unit "FREDDY," originally planned for the 800XL, was incorporated into the new models.[42] With the 130XE's U.S. launch in February 1985, the 800XL's price—its production cost now reduced to $80[43]—dropped further, reaching just under £100 in the UK.[44] Atari promoted floppy disk drives to beginners with bundles like the Personal Computer Pack, including the computer, Atari 1050 drive, and software, for ~£250.[45]
From August 1985, Atari offered UK educational institutions up to 25% discounts and launched the Atari LOGO System bundle with the beginner-friendly Logo to challenge Acorn's BBC Micro in schools.[46] In September 1985, the Netherlands selected the 800XL as the official school computer, anticipating ~100,000 sales from educational and private purchases.[47]
Sell-Off in the west
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After announcing the 800XL's production halt in November 1985, UK retailer Dixons took over remaining stock. Christmas bundles, including the 800XL, Atari 1050 drive, software, and joystick, sold for ~£170, setting new lows in the home computer market.[48] ~100,000 units likely sold in the UK by Christmas.[49] In the U.S., the 800XL sold for under $100 during the holidays.[50] In West Germany, prices of 200–250 DM boosted sales,[51][52] but the 800XL's 1985 market share was ~6%, far behind the Commodore 64's ~40%, with the Amstrad CPC 464 at ~15% and Sinclair ZX Spectrum at ~9%.[53]
By February 1986, most 800XL stock was sold in the UK.[54] In West Germany, stock lasted until Q2 1987,[55] with ~92,000 units sold in 1986.[56] The Atari 65XE, sold in Canada earlier, replaced the 800XL in North America and the UK from 1986, while the identical Atari 800XE launched in Germany in October for just under 200 DM.[57] By mid-1986, Atari's 8-bit user base reached ~300,000 in the UK[58] and over 1 million in North America.[59]
Market leadership in the Eastern Bloc
With relaxed export restrictions on high-tech goods in late 1984,[60] the 800XL was exported to Eastern Bloc countries from 1985. Available through state trade organizations for hard currency, in the GDR, sales occurred via Forum Außenhandelsgesellschaft's Intershop network using Forum checks equivalent to the Deutsche Mark. In Poland, Pewex stores sold 5,500 units in 1985, which sold out quickly.[61] At the black market rate, an 800XL with an Atari 1010 cassette recorder cost ~150,000 zloty—a university professor's annual salary—later dropping to 120,000–130,000 zloty after trade liberalization.[62] The low price displaced the Sinclair ZX Spectrum, making Atari the market leader in Poland.[63] In Czechoslovakia, Tuzex stores offered Atari computers for equivalent currency.[64][65]
In 1987, ~100,000 Atari 8-bit computers shipped to the Eastern Bloc, including 4,600 to the GDR—where the 800XL was the first officially imported Western home computer from 1985[66]—and 10,500 to Czechoslovakia.[67] By 1987, Atari’s XL and XE series led markets in both countries.[68] At the 1990 Leipzig Spring Fair, Atari estimated ~100,000 computers sold in the GDR via Forum.[69] Additional units reached users through private imports or Genex gifts from Western relatives.[70]
Comeback in the West
In West Germany, sales surged, with Atari reporting ~500,000 units sold by July 1988. To meet demand not fully covered by the XE series, Atari resumed 800XL production in July 1988, offering it with the Atari XC12 cassette recorder for just under 200 DM.[71]
Modern Reproductions
The Atari 800XL’s straightforward architecture and extensive documentation enable miniaturized reproductions using modern technology. In 2014, a reproduction was implemented on a FPGA with an embedded system, initially as a feasibility study. It proved practical, offering a compact, reliable, and portable alternative to the original hardware.[72]
Technical Specifications
The Atari 800XL’s electronics are housed on a single board, including peripheral connectors and an external system bus for expansions.
Main processor
The Atari 800XL uses a custom "Sally" variant of the 8-bit MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor running at 1.77 MHz for PAL systems and 1.79 MHz for NTSC.
Custom chips for graphics and sound
The architecture is based on three Atari-developed custom chips: ANTIC, GTIA, and POKEY, designed for flexibility and to offload the CPU.
Input and output interfaces
External connections include two controller ports on the right, a ROM cartridge slot on top, a coaxial RF antenna output for TVs, and a proprietary serial interface (Serial Input/Output, SIO) port on the back for "intelligent" peripherals using a custom Atari protocol and connector. Printers, disk drives, and other devices with daisy chain SIO ports connect via a single cable type. Unlike the Atari 1200XL, the 800XL features a Parallel Bus Interface (PBI) on the rear, enabling external expansion like the unreleased Atari 1090 box.[73]
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Peripherals
Upgrades
Various upgrades enhanced the Atari 800XL’s performance, divided into internal modifications (often requiring soldering) and external solutions using the computer’s interfaces (expansion port, cartridge slot, joystick ports, SIO). External upgrades preserved warranty claims by avoiding case opening.[74] The following covers commercial solutions reviewed by contemporary trade press.
Memory
Some memory upgrades required opening the computer, while others used the expansion port. These enabled virtual floppy drives or printer buffers.[75] Some included battery backups or independent power to retain data when powered off. The Atari 1064 memory module for the Atari 600XL was incompatible with the 800XL due to design differences.
Notable upgrades included ICD’s Rambo XL with 256 KB,[76] Newell 256 KB,[77] Magna Systems’ Ramcharger with up to 1 MB,[78] and a 256 KB module from Compy Shop in West Germany.[79] ICD’s Multi I/O Board, available from late 1986, supported 256 KB or 1 MB.[80]
Interface Units
Data exchange between the Atari 800XL and devices like the Atari 1050 used protocols incompatible with standards like RS-232 or Centronics. Converters, or Interface Boxes, often combined hardware and software, some with memory for buffering print data.[81]
By late 1984, Centronics printer converters included Microbits’ MPP-1150 Printer Interface and Digital Devices’ Ape-Face for about $100.[82] More expensive units offered up to 512 KB for buffering large print jobs.[83] In West Germany, the 850XL Interface Box with RS-232 and Centronics was available from 1985.[81] Later, advanced units like ICD’s Multi I/O Board and P:R: Connection Box[84] and Computer Software Services’ The Black Box![85] were introduced.
80-Column Display (Hardware)
80-column upgrades improved screen readability but required monitors due to their 560-pixel horizontal resolution, unsuitable for TVs.[86] Notable solutions included TNT-Computing’s ACE80XL[87] and ICD’s Multi I/O Board with an 80-column card.[84]
System modifications
Some extensions directly target the system architecture, specifically the function of the main processor. These either manipulate the processor or replace it with a different microprocessor. The first group includes devices known as Freezers. When activated by the user during operation, a Freezer halts the program execution by stopping the main processor, taking control of all system functions. Freezers are designed to allow users to manipulate the system state after "freezing," ranging from modifying specific memory areas to saving the entire system state to a floppy disk or loading it from a disk. Such functionalities are useful for debugging programs, bypassing copy protection mechanisms, or saving game states that cannot otherwise be preserved.[88][89] The second group of system extensions involves replacing the main processor with a more powerful variant or a different processor type to, for example, enable the use of software from other systems.[90]
The only commercially available hardware-based Freezer for the Atari 800XL was the Turbo Freezer XL by Bernhard Engl. It was available from 1987 for approximately 150 DM, exclusively in West Germany. It connects to the external system bus, the computer’s expansion port.[89] With the ATR-8000 interface unit from SWP Microcomputer Products, also connected to the expansion port, it is possible to run a variety of programs for CP/M systems and IBM-compatible computers using the Atari 800XL as a terminal, thanks to the built-in microprocessors.[note 5][91] The Turbo-816, advertised from late 1988, includes a backward-compatible 16-bit microprocessor 65816 along with appropriate control electronics and a tailored operating system. To fully utilize the advantages of the alternative processor, such as its larger directly accessible memory, existing programs must be modified.[92]
EPROM Programmers
To make programs like system software immediately available upon startup, they were stored in ROM or modifiable EPROMs. EPROMs required a UV lamp for erasing and an EPROM programmer for writing.[93] Thompson Electronic’s ProBurner, connected via the cartridge slot, supported EPROMs from 2 to 16 KB and was considered top-tier by December 1985.[94] In West Germany, Compy Shop’s BiboBurner from 1986 supported up to 32 KB.[95] From 1990, Computer Software Services offered the Super E-Burner and later The Gang Super E-Burner.[96]
Digitizers for Graphics and Music, MIDI
Converters like digitizers and scanners transferred printed or video images into the computer. Digital Vision’s Computer Eyes Digitizer, available from 1985 for $130, digitized video camera images, including filmed documents, with included software.[97] In West Germany, Irata-Verlag’s Digitizer offered similar functionality.[98] Innovative Concepts’ Easy Scan scanned paper documents but required mounting its optics on a printer’s printhead.[99]
Sound digitizers, like Sound Samplers and MIDI Interfaces, converted analog audio or speech. Notable devices came from 2-Bit-Systems,[100][101] Alpha Systems,[102] Hybrid Arts,[103] and Wizztronics.[104] In West Germany, Ralf David’s Sound ’n’ Sampler was available from 1987 with software.[105]
Software
Magazines
Emulation
After the end of the home computer era in the early 1990s and with the advent of powerful and affordable computing technology in the late 1990s, dedicated enthusiasts increasingly developed programs to emulate home computers and their peripherals. Using emulators, a single modern system with data images of the respective home computer programs was sufficient to play classic games from various systems. The rise of emulators spurred the transfer of otherwise potentially lost software to modern storage media, making a significant contribution to the preservation of digital culture.[106]
The most powerful emulators for Windows and Linux systems include Atari++, Atari800Win Plus, Mess32,[107] and Altirra.[108]
Reception
Contemporary
Shortly after its release, the trade press unanimously praised the Atari 800XL for its high build quality, though opinions diverged regarding the quality of the keyboard and the external power supply. Reviewers also appreciated the wide selection of programs, particularly games, and the extensive range of peripherals. However, some noted that BASIC Revision B, intended to be bug-free, introduced new, albeit less severe, errors. The lack of full backward compatibility with the Atari 400 and 800 models was a common criticism, though Atari’s subsequent solution, the Translator Disk, was widely welcomed. There was also confusion over the absence of a connection option for standard cassette recorders, forcing users to purchase Atari’s proprietary devices. In the UK, some criticized the relatively high software prices.[109] Overall, the performance specifications were convincing, though the system architecture was seen as somewhat dated. Nevertheless, it was considered among the best in the home computer sector:
Let’s face it, these new XL machines are nothing more than repackaged 800s. That does not change the fact that Atari home computers are still the most versatile graphics machines you can buy for less than five thousand dollars.
— [110]
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Following Atari’s acquisition by Jack Tramiel and the significant price reductions by late 1984, the Atari 800XL regained the attention of many reviewers. The high-circulation computer magazine Byte, for instance, largely echoed earlier reviews but additionally highlighted the now well-organized user community and emphasized the favorable price-performance ratio, making the Atari 800XL a bargain.[111] The overwhelmingly positive perception associated with the price reductions culminated in mid-1985 with the Home Microcomputer Award 1985:
We feel the 800XL is a good computer, with a decent amount of memory, very good graphics and a good range of software that is no longer so expensive.
— [112]
Retrospective
In retrospect, the system architecture of Atari computers was unanimously regarded as groundbreaking and a pioneer for many later systems.[113] Several authors noted that "production issues" and associated pre-Christmas delivery problems in 1983, caused by "internal changes at Atari," significantly diminished the Atari 800XL’s potential market dominance. Missed market shares primarily went to the already established Commodore 64, from which the initially relatively expensive Atari 800XL never recovered.[114] Additionally, technical advantages of the Commodore, such as its colored sprites, were prerequisites for many gaming innovations, relegating the less capable Atari 800XL to a "shadow existence" from 1985 onward.[115] Nevertheless, "Atari’s 8-bit series sold quite respectably on both sides of the Atlantic," but "not as well as it deserved."[116]
Further reading
- Stanton, Jeffrey; Wells, Robert P.; Rochowansky, Sandra; Mellin, Michael (1984). Atari Software 1984. The Book Company. ISBN 0-201-16454-X.
- Reschke, Julian; Wiethoff, Andreas (1986). Das Atari Profibuch [The Atari Professional Book]. Düsseldorf: Sybex-Verlag. ISBN 3-88745-605-X.
- Eichler; Grohmann (1984). Atari 600XL/800XL Intern. Data Becker. ISBN 3-89011-053-3.
- Goldberg, Marty; Vendel, Curt (2012). Atari Inc. – Business is Fun. Syzygy Company Press. ISBN 978-0-9855974-0-5.
Notes
- In the U.S., the price dropped to ~$180 (see Diane Curtis: Editorial. The Associated Press, November 13, 1984); in the UK, to £200 (see Atari 800XL Price Slashed. Popular Computing Weekly, December 6–12, 1984, pp. 1–2); in West Germany, to 650 DM (see Reinhard Weber: Ein kritischer Blick auf den Herausforderer. In: P.M. Computerheft, 12/84, p. 106).
- In the UK, the price fell to ~£170 (see Atari plans up-market 800XL micro. Popular Computing Weekly, November 8–14, 1984, p. 1; Atari Price Cut in the US. Popular Computing Weekly, November 22–28, 1984, p. 5); in France, the SECAM version cost 2500 francs (see Atari en kit. Micro 7, November 1984, pp. 30–31).
- Refers to the 48 KB Sinclair ZX Spectrum.
- The C64 cost ~£200 in the UK and 600 DM in West Germany ("Geschäft ist Krieg" [Business is War]. Der Spiegel (50). 1984.). MSX computers cost at least £275.
- The ATR-8000 was delivered with a Z80 microprocessor; an Intel 8088 was available as a separately purchasable add-on card.
