Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities

Society of Sciences (1700–52)

The roots of the BBAW can be traced to the Society of Sciences of the Elector of Brandenburg (German: Kurfürstlich Brandenburgische Sozietät der Wissenschaften), founded in 1700 by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz under the patronage of Frederick I of Prussia. The institution was created on the principle of uniting the natural sciences and the humanities, making it a prototype for other academies across Europe.^[2] The rise of the field of physics can be genealogically traced to this period of the Academy,^[7] as well as modern European mathematics.^[8]

Royal Academy (1752–1812)

Under Frederick the Great, an enthusiastic patron, the Academy rose to even wider significance. In 1752 it merged with the Nouvelle Société Littéraire to form the Royal Academy of Sciences (German: Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften). The new Academy attracted prominent scientists and philosophers, including Immanuel Kant, who were able publish writings which would have been censored elsewhere in Europe.^[9] While it was an important center in the Age of Enlightenment, due to its royal patronage the Academy did not enjoy complete freedom. Political writings in its Proceedings throughout the 18th century argued the merits of monarchies over republics, warned against the French Revolution, and defended Prussia against accusations that it was despotic.

Royal Prussian Academy (1812-1918)

Around 1812 the academy was officially renamed Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences. ^[10] The von Humboldt brothers reorganized the Academy along more open lines. Prominent critical thinkers such as Theodor Mommsen, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, Friedrich Schleiermacher were all active members for many decades.^[11]

Prussian Academy (1918–33)

With the collapse of the German monarchy in 1918, the Royal Academy was renamed the Prussian Academy of Sciences (German: Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften). During this period it rose to international fame^[12] and its members included top academics in their fields such as Albert Einstein, Max Planck, Hermann Diels, and Ernst Bloch.^[11]

Nazi Germany (1933–45)

During the Nazi period, as with all institutions across Germany, the Academy became subject to the "Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service." As a result, Jewish employees and political opponents were expelled. Albert Einstein resigned in 1933 before he could be expelled and Max Planck, the Academy's president, was coerced to publicly support nationalist socialism. However, despite initial resistance, over time the Academy and many of its scientists became willing tools of the Nazis. New statutes in 1938 reorganized the Academy according to the Führer principle, causing Planck to resign his presidency in protest.^[13] The mathematician Theodor Vahlen, proponent of the anti-Semitic Deutsche Mathematik movement, was appointed provisionally president by the Reich Ministry of Education. In 1939 Vahlen was reconfirmed by the Ministry as acting President, but not elected by the Plenum of the Academy. Vahlen resigned in 1943 and withdrew to Prague. A presidential election in accordance with the statutes had still not taken place by the end of the war. ^[14][15] By war's end the Academy's reputation was damaged and many of its prominent scientists were stigmatized. Planck died in 1947.^[13]

End of war and new beginning (1945)

During the war academy members had still continued their monthly meetings despite bombing of Berlin. However, many members, especially those of the natural sciences, had left Berlin and moved to the western parts of Germany. The remaining 16 members met in June 1945, elected a new president, talked about a new statute, performed denazification by excluding members tightly connected to the old regime, and started negotiations with the Berlin Magistrat, the Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SMAD) and the SMAD's German counterpart DZVV (Deutsche Zentralverwaltung für Volksbildung), which was responsible for the eastern part of Berlin (belonging to the Soviet Zone of Occupation), where the building of the PAW was located.^[16]

Modern history (1946–present)

Negotiations of the Academy with the SMAD were successful. It was re-established upon the SMAD Order No. 187 of July 1, 1946, Leibniz's 300th birthday under a new name with a new structure and role: the Academy was to become the most eminent scientific institution in Germany and for all parts of Germany. Institutes were added to the Academy and new ones founded. Re-opened by the Russians in 1946 with the new name German Academy of Sciences at Berlin (German: Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin), in 1949 it moved to the former Prussian Maritime Trade Company building on the Gendarmenmarkt. The number of members in additional more applied classes was increased from 70 to 120 and the number of staff members from 130 (1946) to 1,500 (1951).^[17]

In 1972 the Academy was renamed the Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Republic (German: Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR) or AdW, by which time it had over 400 members and 24,000 employees.^[12] The society of scholars with about 130 ordinary members and the research institutes existed side by side. The about 93 institutes of the academy were merged into 43 central and other institutes. 1969 the function "as a bridge to West-Germany" was ended and all members not being citizens of the GDR became non-voting external members.^[18]

After German reunification the AdW was dissolved in December 1991 as part of the German Unification Treaty of October 3, 1991 due to its controversial role in support of the East German regime.^[19]

In August 1992, the BBAW was constituted by an interstate treaty between the landtags of Berlin and Brandenburg using the original model of the old Prussian Academy.^[13] According to the treaty the society of the members of the AdW was separated from the rest of the academy. Institutes of the Academy were evaluated and in part taken over by other institutions, in part dissolved. Buildings, traditional projects, archives and libraries were continued by the BBAW. Today its headquarters are located at the former AdW building, with special projects conducted at the old Prussian Academy on the Unter den Linden. It also has a third office in Potsdam.^[12]

Research projects

The academy sponsors a variety of interdisciplinary, long-term and externally funded projects. These include large German and foreign-language dictionaries; historical-critical publications of ancient, medieval, and modern texts; and editing and interpreting the classical literature by scholars from diverse academic fields. In 2012 the BBAW was home to 47 major projects, the most notable include:^[6]

• Alexander von Humboldt Research Project (German: Alexander-von-Humboldt-Forschung): a research initiative is focused on Alexander von Humboldt's correspondence and diaries written during his famous journey to America (1799–1804).
• Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum^[20]
• The Dictionary of Ancient Egyptian (German: Altägyptisches Wörterbuch): A 3000-year corpus publicly available online and continuously updated.^[21]
• The German Dictionary (German: Deutsches Wörterbuch), begun by the Brothers Grimm^[22]
• The Goethe Dictionary (German: Goethe-Wörterbuch): A conceptual history project that interprets the works of Goethe, containing 3.2 million quotations and 93,000 headwords^[23]
• Inscriptiones Graecae: collects and edits all of Europe's ancient Greek inscriptions^[24]
• The Complete Works of Marx and Engels (German: Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe)
• Monumenta Germaniae Historica: publishes source materials for the constitutional history of the Holy Roman Empire from the 14th century^[25]
• Schleiermacher: Critical Edition of the Complete Works (German: Schleiermacher: Kritische Gesamtausgabe): The official edition of Friedrich Schleiermacher's correspondence has been edited by the BBAW since 1979

Research centers

The Academy has established a number of research centres over time, including centres for basic research, language and history. Each seeks to pool expertise from various fields with the goal of improving cooperation between university and non-university institutions and stimulating regional and international research innovation. In 2012 the BBAW operated three such centers:^[26]

• Zentrum Grundlagenforschung Alte Welt: a centre for research of primary sources of the ancient world^[27]
• Zentrum "Preußen-Berlin": The "Prussia-Berlin" Research Centre, an amalgamation of projects on the history and culture Prussia and Berlin
• Zentrum Sprache: The Language Research Centre

Medals

• Helmholtz Medal: Awarded biennially to individuals who have made significant academic contributions to the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, or medicine. It was first awarded on 2 June 1892 to the physiologist Emil Du Bois-Reymond, physicist Lord Kelvin, and mathematician Karl Weierstraß.^[32]
• Leibniz Medal: Awarded to individuals or groups for special services in support of scientific research. It was first awarded to the Berlin art collector James Simon, patron of archeological excavations and museums.^[32]

Prizes

• Academy Prize: An annual prize awarded for outstanding scientific achievement in any disciplinary field. It is awarded at the Academy's Leibniz Day celebration in the summer and includes 50,000 Euros.
• Prize of the Academy (endowed by the Commerzbank Foundation): Awarded biennially for outstanding scientific achievement in the area of research in legal and economic principles. It includes 30,000 Euros is conferred at a joint ceremonial session of the Academy and the Commerzbank Foundation.
• Eva and Klaus Grohe Prize of the Academy: Awarded biennially for outstanding scientific achievement by German scientists with a doctorate in the area of infectious diseases. The prize includes 20,000 Euros and is conferred at the Academy's annual Einstein Day celebration.
• Prize of the Academy (endowed by the Monika Kutzner Foundation): Awarded annually for outstanding scientific achievement in the area of cancer research. It includes 10,000 Euros and is conferred at the Academy's annual Einstein Day celebration.
• Prize of the Academy (endowed by the Peregrinus Foundation): Awarded biennially for outstanding achievements by scholars from eastern and southeastern Europe. It includes 5,100 Euros and is conferred at the Academy's annual Einstein Day celebration.
• Technical Scientific Prize: Awarded for outstanding achievement in the engineering sciences by young engineers and scientists in research or industry. It includes 10,000 Euros and is awarded at the Academy's annual Day of Engineering.
• Walter de Gruyter-Prize: Awarded biennially for outstanding achievement in a subject area covered by the publishing house Walter de Gruyter. It includes 7,500 Euros and is preferably awarded to those who are young, relative to their achievements.
• Liselotte Richter-Prize of the Leibniz-Edition Potsdam: Awarded biennially to senior school students in the province of Brandenburg and includes 1,000 Euros.

Lectures

• Paul B. Baltes Lecture: Each year a leading international scientist is selected by the Academy to present a lecture which commemorates Paul Baltes` achievements in psychological research and his contributions to psychology. The lecture series is hosted by the Free University of Berlin, the Humboldt University of Berlin, Technische Universität Berlin and the University of Potsdam in collaboration with the Max Planck Institute for Human Development, and is supported by the Margret M. and Paul B. Baltes Foundation.