Siege of Salona (537)
Battle during Justinian's Gothic War
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The siege of Salona took place in February 537 AD during the Gothic War (535–554), where Ostrogoths (Goths) attempted to seize the city controlled by the Byzantine Empire.
changes Byzantines captured and defended Salona
| Siege of Salona | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Gothic War (535–554) | |||||||||
First phase of the Gothic War campaigns | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
| Byzantine Empire | Ostrogothic Kingdom | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
| Constantinianus | |||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| Unknown[a] | Unknown | ||||||||
In 535 AD, Salona was captured by Byzantine forces for its strategic position for supply lines across the Adriatic Sea to the war campaign on the Italian peninsula. The Goths attempted to recapture the city with a large army, but it ended as a Pyrrhic victory for the Byzantines, with heavy losses for both sides. Another Byzantine army under the command of the general Constantinianus secured the region in March 536. Early in the following year, the Goths gathered a second army, accompanied by a navy, and attacked the city in an attempt to regain control of the region. The Byzantines defeated the Gothic navy, securing the city's sea supply lines during the siege. Moreover, the city's fortifications and determined defenders prevented a Gothic breakthrough by land. The Goths were unable to maintain the siege and withdrew. The failure to capture Salona ensured continued Byzantine control of Dalmatia and supported further imperial campaigns in the Italian peninsula.
Prelude
The Gothic War began as part of Byzantine Emperor Justinian's goal to restore former Western Roman territories to Byzantine control. It started with the successful reconquest of North Africa in the Vandalic War (533–534). In early 535, tensions in the Gothic kingdom escalated following the assassination of Queen Amalasuntha, who had maintained good relations with the Byzantines and even considered handing her kingdom over to them, and were further weakened by internal leadership struggles that continued under King Theodahad.[2] Justinian used Amalasuntha's death as a diplomatic pretext for military intervention. He first dispatched Mundus, the Magister Militum per Illyricum, to seize Salona in Dalmatia and sent Belisarius to invade Sicily.[3] The Goths struggled to resist these offensives, as Justinian had also secured an alliance with the Franks, who sought to expand into Gothic territories.[4]
Mundus captured Salona, and in response, the Goths assembled an army under Asinarius and Gripas to retake the city. As this army approached the city, Mundus sent his son Mauricius on a reconnaissance mission; however, in a skirmish, Mauricius died. Mundus, being grief-stricken upon the news, marched against the Goths, where he decisively routed them, but he also died in pursuit of the routed Gothic forces. The leaderless Byzantine forces did not return to Salona and instead went home. The Goths, having suffered considerable losses, retreated to nearby forts and did not try to secure Salona as they considered it difficult to hold with its inhabitants being hostile to them.[5][6]
Upon the news about the events in Dalmatia, Theodahad detained the Byzantine ambassadors in close confinement. In response, Justinian sent Constantinianus, his Count of the Stable, to recover Dalmatia. He sailed from Dyrrhachium to Ragusa, after which he easily captured Salona in March 536 since the Goths had retreated upon learning that a large Byzantine force landed in Dalmatia.[1] Constantinianus started repairing the walls, which were in disrepair.[7] At the same time, Belisarius marched from Sicily to southern Italy capturing Naples and many other regions, which welcomed the Byzantines. In December of 536, he entered Rome unopposed, returning the city under Byzantine control after sixty years.[8]
The Byzantine successes led the Goths to turn against their king, who was soon deposed and later killed. The newly crowned king, Vitiges, started to galvanize the Goths and create a large army against the Byzantines. Before marching against Rome, Vitiges sent an army under Asinarius and Uligisalus to recover Dalmatia. He also sent with them a large number of warships, presumably the royal fleet of Ravenna, with the intention to blockade and besiege the city from the seaside.[9][10]
Military actions
Battle of Scardon
Asinarius went to raise the Suevi and other local tribes in the Pannonia region. However, Uligisalus advanced alone into Liburnia, where he was defeated by Constantianus at Scardon. Uligisalus retreated to the city of Burnus to await the arrival of Asinarius. When Constantianus learned that Asinarius was approaching with a large force, he realized that he did not have sufficient troops against the combined Gothic army. He withdrew his troops, including those from nearby outposts, into Salona and reinforced its fortifications for siege, including digging a moat around the circuit wall.[10]
Siege
Asinarius arrived at Burnus with numerous tribes; the commanders united their forces and advanced on Salona. Upon arrival February 537, they dug a ditch and built a stockade around the city, while the Gothic fleet blockaded the harbor, completing the encirclement. After a while, the Byzantines attempted a sortie with their fleet and defeated the Goths at sea by sinking and capturing many of those ships. Historian Ilkka Syvänne attributes this victory to the superior naval skills of the Byzantines over the Goths.[10] Despite this loss, the Goths did not immediately lift the siege.[11] Although contemporary historian Procopius does not describe the siege's end, Constantianus's defense succeeded, because the blockade became impossible after the naval defeat. The siege probably ended in the summer of 537.[12]
Aftermath
The successful defense is evident from Constantianus's later appointment to replace Belisarius as the commander-in-chief of Byzantine troops in the Italian peninsula after the fall of Ravenna in 540.[13] Even though Constantinianus's participation in the first phase of the Gothic War (535–540) was limited in Dalmatia, his presence kept an additional open front for the Goths to remain divided.[14] Specifically, they had garrisons south of Gaul under Marcias to prevent any potential intrusions from the Franks, and others stationed in Venetia to oppose Constantianus. The majority of the troops were gathered into a large army under Vitiges, who marched to south to recapture Rome from Belisarius, leading to a long siege that became the highlight of the first phase of the Gothic War.[8]
