Bolu

Antiquity

Bolu was part of one of the Hittite kingdoms around 2000 BC and later 500 BC became one of the leading cities of the Greek Kingdom of Bithynia (279 BC - 79 BC). Bebryces, Mariandynes, Koukones, Thyns and Paphlagons are native people of the area in antique era. Strabo (XII, 4, 7) mentions a Hellenistic town, Bithynium (Greek: Βιθύνιον), celebrated for its pastures and cheese, which according to Pausanias (VIII, 9) was founded by Arcadians from Mantinea.^[4][5]

In the Ancient Roman era, as is shown by its coins, the town was commonly called Claudiopolis (Greek: Κλαυδιούπολις) after Emperor Claudius. It was the birthplace of Antinous, the posthumously deified lover of the Roman Emperor Hadrian, who was very generous to the city, and his name was later added to that of Claudius on the coins of the city. Emperor Theodosius II (408-50) made it the capital of a new province, formed out of Bithynia and Paphlagonia, and called by him Honorias in honour of his younger son and successor Honorius. The town was also known as Hadriana during the late Roman period.

Middle Ages

During the Byzantine period, the city continued to be referred to as Claudiopolis. After the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, in which the Byzantine Empire suffered a defeat against the Seljuks, Turkomans migrating west occupied the city. It was recaptured by the Byzantines in 1097, and became a frontier town during the Komnenian period. Torwards the end of 1179, the Turks laid siege to Claudiopolis, attempting to starve its inhabitants, but emperor Manuel I Komnenos rapidly moved to the area, causing the Turks to abandon the siege and flee.^[6][7] According to Niketas Choniates:

Manuel, unwilling to wait for news of disaster, rose up the next day and set out for Claudiopolis as fast as possible via Nikomedia. He took with him none of the royal luxuries—not even royal pavilion, bed, or mattress—but only the horse trappings and armor woven of chain mail. He extended the distance of the day's march in his eagerness to reach the besieged before they should suffer dangers beyond description. [..] The barbarians positioned about Claudiopolis caught sight of him as he approached, first aware of his arrival from the military standards of his divisions and the radiant splendor of their arms, and forthwith took flight.^[6]

After the fall of the Komnenian dynasty, Claudiopolis was conquered by the Sultanate of Rum in 1197, and began to be referred to as Boli, short for the Greek Polis.

Ottoman period

In 1325, the town was conquered by the Ottoman Empire under Orhan, becoming known under the present Turkish name - sometimes called Bolou or Boli. It was also ruled by Candaroğlu between 1402 and 1423. It became the chief town of a sanjak in the vilayet (province) of Kastamonu and had a population of 10,000 inhabitants. Bolu was an Ottoman eyalet (state) until the Charter of States (Vilayetler Nizannamesi) of 1864, and was within the area stretching from Beykoz kazasi of İzmid sanjak to Boyabat kazasi of Sinop sanjak. In the late 19th and early 20th century, following the 1864 Vilayetler Nizannamesi, Bolu was part of the Kastamonu Vilayet of the Empire.

(Arch)Bishopric

As secular capital of the Roman province of Honorias, in the civil Diocese of Pontus, the bishopric of Claudiopolis became the metropolitan see, in the sway of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, with five suffragan sees : Heraclea Pontica, Prusias ad Hypium, Tium, Cratia and Hadrianopolis in Honoriade. It appears as such in the Notitiae Episcopatuum of Pseudo-Epiphanius of about 640 and in that of Byzantine Emperor Leo VI the Wise of the early 10th century, ranking sixteenth viz. seventeenth among the Patriarchate's Metropolitans.

The city, known as Hadrianopolis (like many others) under Byzantine rule fell to Turkmens migrating west in the 11th century who called it Boli, was recaptured by Byzantines in 1097, besieged unsuccessfully by the Sultanate of Rum in 1179 and conquered in 1197. Under Ottoman rule since the 14th century it lost to Heraclea Pontica the Metropolitan dignity. It ceased to exist as a residential bishopric in the 15th century.

Michel Lequien mentions twenty bishops of the see to the 13th century; documentary mentions are available for the following incumbent (Arch)bishops :

• the first is St. Autonomus, said to be an Italian missionary who suffered martyrdom under Diocletian.
• Callicrates (mentioned in 363 in Socrates Scolasticus' church history)
• Gerontius (first actual historically documented bishop, in 394 attending the council against Metropolitan Bagadius of Bosra.
• Olympius (in 431)
• Calogerus (449 - 458)
• Carterius (menzionato nel 459)
  • Hypatus (circa 518) [dismissed by Janin]
• Epictetus (in 536)
  • Vincentius (in 553) [dismissed by Janin]
• Ciprianus I (in 680)
  • only Janin also includes a bishop Sisinnius, attending the council in Trullo (692), but apparently assigns the same to namesake see Claudiopolis in Isauria
• Nicetas I (in 787)
• Ignatius, a friend and correspondent of Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople
• Ciprianus II (869 – 879)
• Nicetas II (10th–11th centuries)^[8]
• John (1028 - 1029).

Titular see

The archdiocese was nominally restored by the Roman Catholic Church as a Latin Metropolitan titular archbishopric no later than the seventeenth century, first named Claudiopolis (Latin) / Claudiopoli (Curiate Italian), renamed in 1933 as Claudiopolis in Honoriade (Latin) / Claudiopoli di Onoriade (Italiano) / Claudiopolitan(us) in Honoriade (Latin).^[9]

It has been held by:

• Alfredo Bruniera (1954.12.12 – 2000.03.26)
• Alain Guynot de Boismenu, Sacred Heart Missionaries (M.S.C.) (1945.01.18 – 1953.11.05)
• Georges-Prudent-Marie Bruley des Varannes (1924.02.13 – 1943.05.29)
• Giuseppe Fiorenza (1905.12.11 – 1924.01.27)
• Giovanni Battista Bertagna (1901.03.26 – 1905.02.11)
• Joseph-Adolphe Gandy, M.E.P. (1889.01.15 – 1892.09.29)
• Eugène-Jean-Claude-Joseph Desflèches (范若瑟), Paris Foreign Missions Society (M.E.P.) (1883.02.20 – 1887.11.07)
• Carlo Gigli (1880.12.13 – 1881.08.24)
• Stephanus Antonius Aucher (1796.07.05 – ?)
• Tommaso Battiloro (1767.11.20 – 1767.12.14)
• Titular Bishop: Joannes Nicastro (1724.09.11 – ?)
• Titular Bishop: Walenty Konstantyn Czulski (1721.02.12 – 1724.02.10?)
• Titular Bishop: Piotr Tarło (1713.01.30 – 1720.12.16)
• Jean-Baptiste Adhémar de Monteil de Grignan (1667.08.03 – 1689.03.09)
• Titular Bishop: Tomás de Paredes, Augustinians (O.E.S.A.) (1652.10.14 – 1667.02.17)

Architecture and sights

Bolu is home to examples of Ottoman architecture. The Bayezid Grand Mosque dates to 1899,^[12] commissioned by Sultan Abdul Hamid II, but was originally built by Bayezid the Thunderbolt and is home to decorations that resemble embroideries.^[13] The Kadı Mosque is perhaps the best example of classical Ottoman architecture in the city, having been built in 1499 and having its entrance embroidered with ornate kündekari works.^[14][15] Other Ottoman mosques in the city include the İmaret Mosque, built in the 16th century,^[16] Saraçhane Mosque, built in 1750, Ilıca Mosque, built in 1510–11, Karaköy Cuma Mosque, built in 1562-63 and Tabaklar Mosque, built in 1897.^[14]

The remains of the ancient city of Bithynium have been found in four hills in the city centre, Kargatepe, Hisartepe, Hıdırlıktepe and the Uğurlunaip Hill. In Hıdırlıktepe, a tomb and the remains of a theatre have been uncovered. In Hisartepe, a temple believed to have been built by the Roman emperor Hadrian for his lover Antinous has been excavated.^[14] In 1911, it was noted that "in and around [Bolu] are numerous marbles with Greek inscriptions, chiefly sepulchral, and architectural fragments."^[17]

Bolu Museum was established in 1975 to display and protect artifacts found in the Bolu area. It functions as both an archaeological and an ethnographic museum and is home to 3286 archaeological and 1677 ethnographic artifacts, as well as 12,095 historical coins. The archaeological artifacts chronicle the history of the area from Neolithic to Byzantine eras.^[18]

• 
  Bolu Izzet Baysal Street
• 
  Bolu Lower Tashhan and Bayezid Mosque
• 
  Bolu Siteler Mosque
• 
  Bolu Aktaş hamam
• 
  Bolu street fountain
• 
  Bolu Ulu Cami or Beyazıt Mosque interior
• 
  Bolu Ulu Cami or Beyazıt Mosque entrance
• 
  Bolu Saraçhane Mosque
• 
  Bolu Yukarı Taş Han

Cuisine

Local specialities include a sweet made of hazelnuts (which grow in abundance here) and an eau-de-cologne with the scent of grass. One feature of Bolu dear to the local people is the soft spring water (kökez suyu) obtained from fountains in the town.

Media

Bolu is home to 12 local newspapers published in the city centre, two local TV channels (Köroğlu TV and Abant TV), three local radio stations and six local magazines.^[19]