Bureau County, Illinois

Bureau County was created from a portion of Putnam County in 1837. It is named for brothers Michel and Pierre Bureau, French Canadians who ran a trading post from 1776 until the 1780s near the conjunction of Big Bureau Creek with Illinois River. Their actual surname most likely was Belleau, but the local American Indians had difficulty pronouncing the "l" sound, which was not found in some local languages.^[4][5] An early settler of this area was Bulbona, a man of mixed French and Native American descent with a Native American wife. Unlike most of the other Native Americans in the area, Bulbona remained after the area was settled by Euro-Americans and ran a trading post, where he sold whiskey among other necessities.^[6]

The founders of Princeton, the area's oldest town, were settlers from New England, descendants of the English Puritans who settled New England in the 17th century. They were part of a wave of New England farmers who moved to the Northwest Territory in the early 19th century. Most of them came soon after of the completion of the Erie Canal.^[6] When they arrived, they faced virgin forest and wild prairie. These New Englanders laid out farms, constructed roads, erected government buildings and established post routes. They brought with them many of their Yankee New England values, such as a passion for education, establishing many schools, and were staunch abolitionists. They were mostly members of the Congregationalist Church or Episcopalians. Early Bureau County, like much of northern Illinois, was culturally very continuous with early New England culture.^[7][8][6]

Like so many other areas in the Midwest, this county was on a "line" of the Underground Railroad. There was a "station" at the home of Owen Lovejoy in Princeton, and several other locations in the county.

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  Bureau County's boundaries have remained unchanged since its creation in 1837.

According to the US Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 874 square miles (2,260 km²), of which 869 square miles (2,250 km²) is land and 4.5 square miles (12 km²) (0.5%) is water.^[9] Big Bureau Creek is the main body of water.

In recent years, average temperatures in the county seat of Princeton have ranged from a low of 14 °F (−10 °C) in January to a high of 85 °F (29 °C) in July, although a record low of −22 °F (−30 °C) was recorded in February 1996 and a record high of 102 °F (39 °C) was recorded in June 1988. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 1.48 inches (38 mm) in February to 4.76 inches (121 mm) in August.^[10]

K-12 school districts include:^[31]

Secondary school districts include:^[31]

Elementary school districts include:^[31]

• Charles W. Brooks, U.S. Senator
• Warren Giles, executive in Baseball Hall of Fame
• Virgil Fox, concert organist
• Kathryn Hays, actress
• Owen Lovejoy, abolitionist minister and U.S. congressman
• Rufus Lumry, abolitionist circuit preacher and early Illinois organizer of the Wesleyan Methodist Church
• Joseph R. Peterson, Illinois state legislator and lawyer
• Robert Petkoff, actor
• Eliza Suggs, author and temperance activist
• Richard Widmark, actor

As part of Yankee-settled Northern Illinois, Bureau County became powerfully Republican for the century following the Civil War. The only Democrat to carry the county between 1856 and 1988 was Franklin D. Roosevelt during his landslide 1932 victory, although Progressive Theodore Roosevelt did carry the county during the 1912 election. Between 1988 and 2012, the county trended Democratic – Bill Clinton won pluralities in both his elections and Barack Obama won an absolute majority in 2008 and nearly did so in 2012 – however concern with lack of employment opportunities in the Rust Belt led to a powerful swing toward Donald Trump in 2016 for the best GOP result since Ronald Reagan’s 1984 landslide.

• National Register of Historic Places listings in Bureau County, Illinois