Capulidae
Family of gastropods
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Capulidae, the cap snails or cap shells, are a taxonomic family of limpet-like sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs.[1]
| Capulidae | |
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| Two shells of Capulus ungaricus with the periostracum removed | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Superfamily: | Capuloidea |
| Family: | Capulidae Fleming, 1822 |
| Genera | |
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See text | |
| Synonyms | |
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Capulidae is the only family in the superfamily Capuloidea. Capulidae is assigned to the paraphyletic order Littorinimorpha,[1] but is more closely related to neogastropods than some other littorinimorphs as it is a member of the clade Latrogastropoda.[2]
The name Trichotropidae was previously used for this family, but this name is invalid, as it is a junior synonym.[3]
Characteristics
(Original description; described as Capulusidae) The foot is complicated on its anterior margin. The shell adheres to the animal by a circular muscle, leaving an opening in front for the issue of the head and the entrance to the branchial cavity. The gills form a single ridge across the roof. The aperture is in the form of an extended proboscis, with a deep groove above. The tentacula, which are two in number, have the eyes at their external base. The anus is on the right side of the branchial cavity. [4]
Cup-shaped or bonnet-like, the shells of this family start with flat, tightly coiled initial whorls. From this beginning, they expand rapidly in a planospiral way, flaring out dramatically like a funnel.
The interior of the shell is porcelaneous. Some forms develop internal partitions or septa, a feature that makes them superficially resemble the Calyptraeidae (slipper limpets). Externally, the shell is covered by a thick periostracum that feels either felt-like or hairy. There is no operculum.
Species in this family are parasites, praying mostly on other molluscs. They steal the food from these animals with a long proboscis.
Genera
Genera within the family Capulidae include:[5]
- Subfamily Capulinae J. Fleming, 1822
- Ariadnaria Habe, 1961
- † Armenostoma Hacobjan, 1976
- † Blackdownia Kollmann, 1976 [6]
- Capulus Montfort, 1810
- Cerithioderma Conrad, 1860 (?)
- Ciliatotropis Golikov, 1986
- Cryocapulus Schiaparelli, Bouchet, Fassio & Oliverio, 2020
- Discotrichoconcha Powell, 1951
- Echinospira Girotti, 1970 [citation needed]
- Hyalorisia Dall, 1889
- Icuncula Iredale, 1924
- Krebsia Montfort, 1810 : synonym of Capulus Montfort, 1810
- Latticosta S.-I Huang & M.-H. Lin, 2021
- Lippistes Montfort, 1810 (?)
- Neoiphinoe Habe, 1978
- Malluvium Melvill, 1906 : belongs to the family Hipponicidae.
- † Profusinus Bandel, 2000
- Rufodardanula Ponder, 1965; synonym of Skenella Pfeffer, 1886
- Separatista Gray, 1847
- Sirius Hedley, 1900
- † Tintorium Sohl, 1961
- Torellia Lovén in Jeffreys, 1867
- Trichamathina Habe, 1962
- Trichosirius Finlay, 1926 (?)
- Trichotropis Broderip and G. B. Sowerby I, 1829
- † Turbinopsis Conrad, 1860
- Turritropis Habe, 1961
- † Vermeijia Amano, 2019
- Verticosta S.-I Huang & M.-H. Lin, 2020
- † Xuwenospira H.-J. Wang, 1982
- Zelippistes Finlay, 1927
- Subfamily † Lysinae Saul & Squires, 2008
- † Garzasia Saul & Squires, 2008
- † Lysis Gabb, 1864
- † Spirogalerus H. J. Finlay & Marwick, 1937
- Genera brought into synonymy
- Actita Fischer von Waldheim, 1823: synonym of Capulus Montfort, 1810
- Antitrichotropis Powell, 1951: synonym of Torellia Jeffreys, 1867
- Ariadna P. Fischer, 1864: synonym of Ariadnaria T. Habe, 1961 (junior homonym, junior homonym of Ariadna Audouin, 1826 [Arachnida]; Ariadnaria is a replacement name)
- Brocchia Bronn, 1828: synonym of Capulus Montfort, 1810
- Capulonix Iredale, 1929: synonym of Capulus Montfort, 1810
- Dolichosirius Iredale, 1931: synonym of Sirius Hedley, 1900 (junior subjective synonym)
- † Eosirius P. A. Maxwell, 1966: synonym of † Trichosirius (Eosirius) P. A. Maxwell, 1966 represented as Trichosirius H. J. Finlay, 1926
- Iphinoe H. Adams & A. Adams, 1856 : synonym of Neoiphinoe Habe, 1978
- † Mesostoma Deshayes, 1861: synonym of † Cerithioderma Conrad, 1860 (junior subjective synonym, invalid: junior homonym of Mesostoma Ehrenberg, 1836)
- Neoconcha E.A. Smith, 1907: synonym of Torellia (Neoconcha) E.A. Smith, 1907
- Opposirius Iredale, 1931: synonym of Sirius Hedley, 1900
- Ovotropis Egorov & Alexeyev, 1998: synonym of Neoiphinoe Habe, 1978
- Pileopsis Lamarck, 1822: synonym of Capulus Montfort, 1810
- Opposirius Iredale, 1931: synonym of Sirius Hedley, 1900
- Trichoconcha E.A. Smith, 1907: synonym of Torellia Jeffreys, 1867
- † Tropidothais L. R. Cox, 1925: synonym of † Lysis Gabb, 1864 (junior subjective synonym)
