Chipaque Formation

Geological formation in the Colombian Andes From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Chipaque Formation (Spanish: Formación Chipaque, K₂cp, Kc) is a geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The formation is also described as Gachetá Formation, named after Gachetá, in the area of the Llanos foothills of the Eastern Ranges. The predominantly organic shale formation dates to the Late Cretaceous period; Cenomanian-Turonian epochs and has a maximum thickness of 1,700 metres (5,600 ft). The formation, rich in TOC, is an important oil and gas generating unit for the giant oilfields Cupiagua and Cusiana of the Eastern Ranges as well as in the Llanos Orientales.

TypeGeological formation

Unit ofVilleta Group

UnderliesGuadalupe Gp
Arenisca Dura Fm

OverliesUne Formation

Quick facts Type, Unit of ...

Chipaque Formation
Stratigraphic range: Cenomanian-Turonian ~97–90 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Villeta Group
Underlies	Guadalupe Gp Arenisca Dura Fm
Overlies	Une Formation
Thickness	up to 1,700 metres (5,580 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Organic shale
Other	Sandstone, limestone, siltstone
Location
Coordinates	4°27′07″N 74°03′20″W
Region	Altiplano Cundiboyacense Eastern Ranges, Andes
Country	Colombia
Type section
Named for	Chipaque
Named by	Hubach
Location	Chipaque
Year defined	1957
Coordinates	4°27′07″N 74°03′20″W
Region	Cundinamarca, Boyacá
Country	Colombia
Thickness at type section	1,027 metres (3,370 ft)
Paleogeography of Northern South America 90 Ma, by Ron Blakey

Etymology

The formation was named in 1931 as group and as formation in 1957 by Hubach after Chipaque, Cundinamarca.^[1]

Description

Lithologies

The Chipaque Formation has a maximum thickness of 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) and is characterised by a sequence of pyritic organic shales, limestones and siltstones, with sandstone banks intercalated in the formation.^[2] The Chipaque Formation contains a high density of fauna.^[1] The formation is rich in TOC and one of the principal source rocks for oil and gas generation in the foothills of the Eastern Ranges,^[3] sourcing such fields as Cusiana, Cupiagua and many others.^[4] Chipaque also sourced the oilfields of the Llanos Orientales.^[5] In the Chitasugá-1 well, drilled between 1980 and 1981, from the sandstones of the Chipaque Formation half a million m³ of water were produced.^[6] The sandstone beds are reservoir rocks for oil in the Eastern Ranges.^[3]

Stratigraphy and depositional environment

The Chipaque Formation overlies the Une Formation and is overlain by the Guadalupe Group. The core of the Zipaquirá Anticline consists of the Chipaque Formation.^[7] The age has been estimated to be Cenomanian-Turonian.^[1] Stratigraphically, the formation is time equivalent with the Simijaca Formation.^[8] The formation has been deposited in an open to shallow marine platform setting.^[9] The deposition is represented by a maximum flooding surface and anoxic conditions.^[10]

Outcrops

Type locality of the Chipaque Formation to the south of the Bogotá savanna

The Chipaque Formation is apart from its type locality, found in the Eastern Hills of Bogotá, the Ocetá Páramo and many other locations in the Eastern Ranges. The anticlinals of the Río Blanco-Machetá, San José and Sopó-Sesquilé are composed of the Chipaque Formation.^[1]

Regional correlations

More information Ma, Age ...

Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
Ma	Age	Regional events	Catatumbo	Cordillera	proximal Llanos	distal Llanos	Putumayo	VSM	Environments	Maximum thickness	Petroleum geology	Notes
0.01	Holocene	Holocene volcanism Seismic activity	alluvium								Overburden
1	Pleistocene	Pleistocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 Glaciations	Guayabo	Soatá Sabana	Necesidad	Guayabo	Gigante Neiva		Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo)	550 m (1,800 ft) (Guayabo)		^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]
2.6	Pliocene	Pliocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 GABI		Subachoque			Gigante Neiva
5.3	Messinian	Andean orogeny 3 Foreland		Marichuela			Caimán	Honda				^[13]^[15]
13.5	Langhian	Regional flooding	León	hiatus	Caja	León	Caimán		Lacustrine (León)	400 m (1,300 ft) (León)	Seal	^[14]^[16]
16.2	Burdigalian	Miocene inundations Andean orogeny 2	C1		Carbonera C1		Ospina		Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1)	850 m (2,790 ft) (Carbonera)	Reservoir	^[15]^[14]
17.3			C2		Carbonera C2				Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2)		Seal
19			C3		Carbonera C3				Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3)		Reservoir
21	Early Miocene	Pebas wetlands	C4		Carbonera C4			Barzalosa	Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4)		Seal
23	Late Oligocene	Andean orogeny 1 Foredeep	C5		Carbonera C5		Orito		Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5)		Reservoir	^[12]^[15]
25	Late Oligocene		C6		Carbonera C6		Orito		Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6)		Seal
28	Early Oligocene		C7		C7		Pepino	Gualanday	Proximal deltaic-marine (C7)		Reservoir	^[12]^[15]^[17]
32	Oligo-Eocene		C8	Usme	C8	onlap			Marine-deltaic (C8)		Seal Source	^[17]
35	Late Eocene		Mirador	Usme	Mirador				Coastal (Mirador)	240 m (790 ft) (Mirador)	Reservoir	^[14]^[18]
40	Middle Eocene			Regadera				hiatus
45	Middle Eocene
50	Early Eocene		Socha		Los Cuervos				Deltaic (Los Cuervos)	260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos)	Seal Source	^[14]^[18]
55	Late Paleocene	PETM 2000 ppm CO₂	Los Cuervos	Bogotá	Los Cuervos			Gualanday	Deltaic (Los Cuervos)	260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos)	Seal Source
60	Early Paleocene	SALMA	Barco	Guaduas	Barco		Rumiyaco	Gualanday	Fluvial (Barco)	225 m (738 ft) (Barco)	Reservoir	^[11]^[12]^[15]^[14]^[19]
65	Maastrichtian	KT extinction	Catatumbo	Guadalupe				Monserrate	Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe)	750 m (2,460 ft) (Guadalupe)	Reservoir	^[11]^[14]
72	Campanian	End of rifting	Colón-Mito Juan					Monserrate				^[14]^[20]
83	Santonian						Villeta/Güagüaquí
86	Coniacian
89	Turonian	Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event	La Luna	Chipaque	Gachetá	hiatus			Restricted marine (all)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá)	Source	^[11]^[14]^[21]
93	Cenomanian	Rift 2		Chipaque	Gachetá				Restricted marine (all)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá)	Source
100	Albian			Une	Une		Caballos		Deltaic (Une)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Une)	Reservoir	^[15]^[21]
113	Aptian		Capacho	Fómeque			Motema	Yaví	Open marine (Fómeque)	800 m (2,600 ft) (Fómeque)	Source (Fóm)	^[12]^[14]^[22]
125	Barremian	High biodiversity	Aguardiente	Paja					Shallow to open marine (Paja)	940 m (3,080 ft) (Paja)	Reservoir	^[11]
129	Hauterivian	Rift 1	Tibú- Mercedes	Las Juntas	hiatus				Deltaic (Las Juntas)	910 m (2,990 ft) (Las Juntas)	Reservoir (LJun)	^[11]
133	Valanginian		Río Negro	Cáqueza Macanal Rosablanca					Restricted marine (Macanal)	2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal)	Source (Mac)	^[12]^[23]
140	Berriasian		Girón	Cáqueza Macanal Rosablanca					Restricted marine (Macanal)	2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal)	Source (Mac)
145	Tithonian	Break-up of Pangea	Jordán	Arcabuco	Buenavista Batá		Saldaña		Alluvial, fluvial (Buenavista)	110 m (360 ft) (Buenavista)	"Jurassic"	^[15]^[24]
150	Early-Mid Jurassic	Passive margin 2	La Quinta	Montebel Noreán	hiatus		Saldaña		Coastal tuff (La Quinta)	100 m (330 ft) (La Quinta)		^[25]
201	Late Triassic	Passive margin 2	Mucuchachi	Montebel Noreán			Payandé					^[15]
235	Early Triassic	Pangea		hiatus							"Paleozoic"
250	Permian	Pangea
300	Late Carboniferous	Famatinian orogeny						Cerro Neiva ()				^[26]
340	Early Carboniferous	Fossil fish Romer's gap		Cuche (355-385)	Farallones ()			Cerro Neiva ()	Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche)	900 m (3,000 ft) (Cuche)
360	Late Devonian	Passive margin 1	Río Cachirí (360-419)	Cuche (355-385)	Farallones ()			Ambicá ()	Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones)	2,400 m (7,900 ft) (Farallones)		^[23]^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]
390	Early Devonian	High biodiversity	Floresta (387-400) El Tíbet					Ambicá ()	Shallow marine (Floresta)	600 m (2,000 ft) (Floresta)
410	Late Silurian	Silurian mystery	Floresta (387-400) El Tíbet
425	Early Silurian	Silurian mystery	hiatus
440	Late Ordovician	Rich fauna in Bolivia	San Pedro (450-490)		Duda ()
470	Early Ordovician	First fossils	San Pedro (450-490)	Busbanzá (>470±22) Chuscales Otengá	Guape ()		Río Nevado ()	Hígado () Agua Blanca Venado (470-475)				^[31]^[32]^[33]
488	Late Cambrian	Regional intrusions	Chicamocha (490-515)	Quetame ()	Ariarí ()		SJ del Guaviare (490-590)	San Isidro ()				^[34]^[35]
515	Early Cambrian	Cambrian explosion		Quetame ()				San Isidro ()				^[33]^[36]
542	Ediacaran	Break-up of Rodinia		pre-Quetame		post-Parguaza		El Barro ()	Yellow: allochthonous basement (Chibcha terrane) Green: autochthonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province)		Basement	^[37]^[38]
600	Neoproterozoic	Cariri Velhos orogeny	Bucaramanga (600-1400)				pre-Guaviare					^[34]
800	Neoproterozoic	Snowball Earth										^[39]
1000	Mesoproterozoic	Sunsás orogeny			Ariarí (1000)			La Urraca (1030-1100)				^[40]^[41]^[42]^[43]
1300		Rondônia-Juruá orogeny			pre-Ariarí	Parguaza (1300-1400)		Garzón (1180-1550)				^[44]
1400			pre-Bucaramanga					Garzón (1180-1550)				^[45]
1600	Paleoproterozoic					Maimachi (1500-1700)		pre-Garzón				^[46]
1800		Tapajós orogeny				Mitú (1800)						^[44]^[46]
1950		Transamazonic orogeny				pre-Mitú						^[44]
2200		Columbia
2530	Archean	Carajas-Imataca orogeny										^[44]
3100	Archean	Kenorland
Sources

Legend

group
important formation
fossiliferous formation
minor formation
(age in Ma)
proximal Llanos (Medina)^{[note 1]}
distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)^{[note 2]}

Gallery

Oyster fossils from a sandstone bank of the Chipaque Formation
Organic shale of the Chipaque Formation
Chipaque Formation
Ocetá Páramo
Chipaque Formation
Ocetá Páramo
Banded shale of the Chipaque Formation
Ocetá Páramo

Notes and references

Notes

[1]
based on Duarte et al. (2019)^[47], García González et al. (2009),^[48] and geological report of Villavicencio^[49]
[2]
based on Duarte et al. (2019)^[47] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and ANH in 2009^[50]

References

[1]
Montoya Arenas & Reyes Torres, 2005, p.26
[2]
Lobo Guerrero, 1992, p.4
[3]
García González et al., 2009, p.49
[4]
Cortés et al., 2009, p.4
[5]
García González et al., 2009, p.58
[6]
Lobo Guerrero, 1993, p.20
[7]
García & Jiménez, 2016, p.24
[8]
Montoya Arenas & Reyes Torres, 2005, p.22
[9]
García González et al., 2009, p.209
[10]
Villamil, 2012, p.164
[11]
García González et al., 2009, p.27
[12]
García González et al., 2009, p.50
[13]
García González et al., 2009, p.85
[14]
Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
[15]
Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
[16]
Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
[17]
Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
[18]
Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
[19]
Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
[20]
Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
[21]
Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
[22]
Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
[23]
Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
[24]
Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
[25]
Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
[26]
Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
[27]
Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
[28]
Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
[29]
Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
[30]
Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
[31]
Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
[32]
Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
[33]
Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
[34]
Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
[35]
Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
[36]
Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
[37]
Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
[38]
Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
[39]
Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
[40]
Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
[41]
Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
[42]
Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
[43]
Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
[44]
Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
[45]
Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
[46]
Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
[47]
Duarte et al., 2019
[48]
García González et al., 2009
[49]
Pulido & Gómez, 2001
[50]
García González et al., 2009, p.60

Bibliography

García, Helbert; Jiménez, Giovanny (2016), "Structural analysis of the Zipaquirá Anticline (Eastern Cordillera, Colombia)", Boletín de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 39 (39): 21–32, doi:10.15446/rbct.n39.50333
Schütz, Christian (2012), Combined structural and Petroleum Systems Modeling in the Eastern Cordillera Basin, Colombia (MSc. thesis), Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen & Instituto Colombiano del Petróleo, pp. 1–161
Villamil, Tomas (2012), Chronology Relative Sea Level History and a New Sequence Stratigraphic Model for Basinal Cretaceous Facies of Colombia, Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM), pp. 161–216
Cortés, Martín; García, Diego; Bayona, Germán; Blanco, Yolima (2009), Timing of oil generation in the Eastern flank of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia based on kinematic models; implications in the Llanos Foothills and Foreland charge, Asociación Colombiana de Geólogos y Geofisicos del Petróleo (ACGGP), pp. 1–8
García González, Mario; Mier Umaña, Ricardo; Cruz Guevara, Luis Enrique; Vásquez, Mauricio (2009), Informe Ejecutivo - evaluación del potencial hidrocarburífero de las cuencas colombianas, Universidad Industrial de Santander, pp. 1–219
Montoya Arenas, Diana María; Reyes Torres, Germán Alfonso (2005), Geología de la Sabana de Bogotá, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–104
Guerrero Uscátegui, Alberto Lobo (1993), Informe sobre la Cuenca Petrolífera de la Sabana de Bogotá, Colombia, pp. 1–29
Guerrero Uscátegui, Alberto Lobo (1992), Geología e Hidrogeología de Santafé de Bogotá y su Sabana, Sociedad Colombiana de Ingenieros, pp. 1–20

Reports

Reyes, Germán; Montoya, Diana; Terraza, Roberto; Fuquen, Jaime; Mayorga, Marcela; Gaona, Tatiana; Etayo, Fernando (2008), Geología del cinturón esmeraldífero oriental Planchas 210, 228, 229, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1−126
Acosta Garay, Jorge; Ulloa Melo, Carlos E. (2001), Geología de la Plancha 227 - La Mesa - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–80
Terraza, Roberto; Montoya, Diana; Reyes, Germán; Moreno, Giovanni; Fúquen, Jaime; Torres Jaimes, Eliana; López Cardona, Myriam; Nivia Guevara, Álvaro; Etayo Serna, Fernando (2013), Geología de la Plancha 229 - Gachalá - 1:100,000 (PDF), Servicio Geológico Colombiano, pp. 1–296, retrieved 2018-06-01
Patiño, Alejandro; Fuquen, Jaime; Ramos, Julián; Pedraza, Andrea; Ceballos, Leonardo; Pinzón, Lyda; Jerónimo, Yadira; Álvarez, Leidy; Torres, Andrea (2011), Cartografía geológica de la Plancha 247 - Cáqueza - 1:100,000 (PDF), INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–100, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-15, retrieved 2017-08-04 Archived 2017-08-15 at the Wayback Machine

Maps

Ulloa, Carlos E.; Guerra, Álvaro; Escovar, Ricardo (1998), Plancha 172 - Paz de Río - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Ulloa, Carlos E.; Rodríguez, Erasmo; Escovar, Ricardo (1998), Plancha 192 - Laguna de Tota - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Renzoni, Giancarlo (1992), Plancha 193 - Yopal - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Montoya, Diana María; Reyes, Germán (2009), Plancha 209 - Zipaquirá - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Terraza, Roberto; Moreno, Giovanni; Buitrago, José A.; Pérez, Adrián; Montoya, Diana María (2010), Plancha 210 - Guateque - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Ulloa, Carlos; Rodríguez, Erasmo (2009), Plancha 211 - Tauramena - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Buitrago, José Alberto; Terraza M., Roberto; Etayo, Fernando (1998), Plancha 228 - Santafé de Bogotá Noreste - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Ulloa, Carlos E; Escovar, Ricardo; Pacheco, Adolfo H. (2009), Plancha 230 - Monterrey - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Acosta, Jorge E.; Ulloa, Carlos E. (1998), Plancha 246 - Fusagasugá - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Acosta, Jorge; Calcedo, Juan Carlos; Ulloa, Carlos (1999), Plancha 265 - Icononzo - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Pulido, Orlando; Gómez, Luz Stella; Marín, Pedro (1998), Plancha 266 - Villavicencio - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Acosta, Jorge; Caro, Pablo; Fuquen, Jaime; Osorno, José (2002), Plancha 303 - Colombia - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1
Velandia, Francisco; Cepeda, Héctor (2005), Planchas 171 & 191 - Geología sector del sur del municipio de Paipa (Boyacá) - 1:25,000, INGEOMINAS
Various, Authors (1997), Mapa geológico de Santa Fe de Bogotá – Geological Map Bogotá – 1:50,000 (PDF), INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-03-16