Energy density Extended Reference Table

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This is an extended version of the energy density table from the main Energy density page.

More information Storage type, Specific energy (MJ/kg) ...
Energy densities table
Storage type Specific energy (MJ/kg) Energy density (MJ/L) Peak recovery efficiency % Practical recovery efficiency %
Arbitrary antimatter89,875,517,874depends on density
Deuterium–tritium fusion576,000,000[1]
Uranium-235 fissile isotope144,000,000[1]1,500,000,000
Natural uranium (99.3% U-238, 0.7% U-235) in fast breeder reactor86,000,000
Reactor-grade uranium (3.5% U-235) in light-water reactor3,456,00035%
Pu-238 α-decay2,200,000
Hf-178m2 isomer1,326,00017,649,060
Natural uranium (0.7% U235) in light-water reactor443,00035%
Ta-180m isomer41,340689,964
Metallic hydrogen (recombination energy)216[2]
Specific orbital energy of low Earth orbit (approximate)33.0
Beryllium + oxygen23.9[3]
Lithium + fluorine23.75[citation needed]
Octaazacubane potential explosive22.9[4]
Hydrogen + oxygen13.4[5]
Gasoline + oxygen13.3[citation needed]
Dinitroacetylene explosive – computed[citation needed]9.8
Octanitrocubane explosive8.5[6]16.9[citation needed]
Tetranitrotetrahedrane explosive – computed[citation needed]8.3
Heptanitrocubane explosive – computed[citation needed]8.2
Sodium (reacted with chlorine)[citation needed]7.0349
Hexanitrobenzene explosive7[7]
Tetranitrocubane explosive – computed[citation needed]6.95
Ammonal (Al+NH4NO3 oxidizer)[citation needed]6.912.7
Tetranitromethane + hydrazine bipropellant – computed[citation needed]6.6
Nitroglycerin6.38[8]10.2[9]
ANFO–ANNM[citation needed]6.26
Lithium–air battery6.12
Octogen (HMX)5.7[8]10.8[10]
TNT[11]4.6106.92
Copper Thermite (Al + CuO as oxidizer)[citation needed]4.1320.9
Thermite (powder Al + Fe2O3 as oxidizer)4.0018.4
ANFO[citation needed]3.7
Hydrogen peroxide decomposition (as monopropellant)2.73.8
Li-ion nanowire battery2.542995%[clarification needed][12]
Lithium thionyl chloride battery[13]2.5
Water (220.64 bar, 373.8 °C)[citation needed][clarification needed]1.9680.708
Kinetic energy penetrator[clarification needed]1.930
Lithium–sulfur battery[14]1.80[15]1.26
Fluoride-ion battery [citation needed]1.72.8
Hydrogen closed cycle fuel cell[16]1.62
Hydrazine decomposition (as monopropellant)1.61.6
Ammonium nitrate decomposition (as monopropellant)1.42.5
Molten salt1[citation needed]98%[17]
Molecular spring (approximate)[citation needed]1
Lithium metal battery[18][19]0.83-1.011.98-2.09
Sodium–sulfur battery0.72[20][better source needed]1.23[citation needed]85%[21]
Lithium-ion battery[22][23]0.46–0.720.83–3.6[24]95%[25]
Sodium–nickel chloride battery, high temperature[vague]0.56
Zinc–manganese (alkaline) battery, long life design[18][22]0.4-0.591.15-1.43
Silver-oxide battery[18]0.471.8
Flywheel0.36–0.5[26][27]
5.56 × 45 mm NATO bullet muzzle energy density[clarification needed]0.43.2
Nickel–metal hydride battery (NiMH), low power design as used in consumer batteries[28]0.41.55
Liquid nitrogen0.349
Water – enthalpy of fusion0.3340.334
Zinc–bromine flow battery (ZnBr)[29]0.27
Nickel–metal hydride battery (NiMH), high-power design as used in cars[30]0.2500.493
Nickel–cadmium battery (NiCd)[22]0.141.0880%[25]
[22]0.130.331
Lead–acid battery[22]0.140.36
Vanadium redox battery0.09[citation needed]0.11887070-75%
Vanadium bromide redox battery0.180.25280%–90%[31]
Ultracapacitor0.0199[32]0.050[citation needed]
Supercapacitor0.01[citation needed]80%–98.5%[33]39%–70%[33]
Superconducting magnetic energy storage0.008[34][bare URL]>95%
Capacitor0.002[35]
Neodymium magnet0.003[36]
Ferrite magnet0.0003[36]
Spring power (clock spring), torsion spring0.0003[citation needed]0.0006
Storage type Energy density by mass (MJ/kg) Energy density by volume (MJ/L) Peak recovery efficiency % Practical recovery efficiency %
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