False front

In architecture, the false front (also false facade, flying facade, screen wall) is a façade designed to disguise the true characteristics of a building, usually to beautify it.^[1]^[2]^[3] The architectural design and purposes of these wall-like^[4] features vary:

making a building appear larger, more important, and better-built, like in the Western false front architecture,^[5] German Blendfassaden [de] (lit. 'blind facades') or Brick Gothic main facades (Schaufassaden, lit. 'show facades'). Some sources also use the term screen facade (German: Schirmfassade) when discussing the Medieval and Renaissance churches,^[6]^[7]^[8] not to be confused with the modern "membrane" screen facade;
creating a fake appearance to improve aesthetics, an architectural equivalent of trompe-l'oeil;^[9]
in facadism, keeping the old facades with the goal of preserving the visual character of a historical neighborhood while allowing an entirely modern design of the actual buildings. In the view of preservationists, this creates a "Disneyland of false fronts"; ^[10]
deliberate violation of the truth to materials principle ("false in material")^[5] for economical, insulation, or aesthetic purposes, like masonry veneer using a non-structural outer layer of stone^[11] or a membrane screen facade;
hiding a gable roof, like a tall parapet wall,^[12] as opposed to cross-sectional facade [de];
a purely decorative way to increase height, like the one of a roof comb, a flat structure that tops buildings in Mesoamerican architecture. Sometimes the comb was shifted from the center of the roof to one of the walls, forming a flying facade.^[13]

Tradition of "show facades" goes back to the very beginnings of the architecture, when the simplest buildings might have just one opening serving both as a door and a window. The special role of the wall with this opening was stressed through articulation and decoration.^[14]

Outside of architecture, "false front" is used to describe a deceptive outward appearance in general,^[15] false hair in front (like bangs).^[16]

Facadism

Facadism, façadism (also pejorative facadectomy, façadomy^[17])^[18] is the architectural and construction practice where the facade of a building is designed or constructed separately from the rest of a building, or when only the facade of a building is preserved with new buildings erected behind or around it.

There are aesthetic and historical reasons for preserving building facades. Facadism can be the response to the interiors of a building becoming unusable, such as being damaged by fire. In developing areas, however, the practice is sometimes used by property developers seeking to redevelop a site as a compromise with preservationists who wish to preserve buildings of historical or aesthetic interest. It can be regarded as a compromise between historic preservation and demolition and thus has been lauded as well as decried.^{[citation needed]}

Show facades

In the Brick Gothic,^{[citation needed]} the Schaufassaden (lit. 'show facades',^[19] display facades), the facades facing the main street, were richly decorated and frequently concealed the cross-section structure of the building.^[20]

Lombard architecture

In Lombard Gothic architecture, the facciata a vento (lit. 'wind facade') is a type of screen facade where the stone facing rises higher than the roofline, characterized by windows (often the round oculi) that open into the empty sky ("sfondanti sul cielo").^[21] Angiola Maria Romanini identified these "windows breaking into the sky" as a defining stylistic hallmark of the region's Gothic architecture.^[21]

While the church of San Francesco in Brescia (c. 1254) was traditionally considered the prototype of this style, recent stratigraphical analysis suggests that the upper section of its facade is a later addition.^[21] Instead, the Basilica of San Francesco in Bologna (completed 1263) is likely the true innovative prototype of the facciata a vento.^[22]^[23]

The facciata a vento reduces the building's front to a two-dimensional screen, replacing the earlier Romanesque tradition of the elaborately 3D-sculpted German: Schirmfassade (screen facade).^[8] Following its introduction by the Mendicant orders, the style became a distinctively Lombard phenomenon, spreading to Cremona Cathedral, Monza Cathedral, and the (now demolished) Santa Maria della Scala in Milan.^[8] The style eventually migrated to the Adriatic coast, influencing architecture in the Marche region.^[8]

Western false front architecture

Western false front architecture or false front commercial architecture is a type of commercial architecture used in the Old West of the United States. Often used on two-story buildings, the style includes a false front facade often hiding a gable roof.

The goal for buildings in this style is to project an image of stability and success, while in fact a business owner may not have invested much in a building that might be temporary. By emulating the rectangular profile of buildings in eastern North American cities, the style attempted to lend a more settled, urban feel to small frontier towns.^[24]

the front façade of the building "rises to form a parapet (upper wall) which hides most or nearly all of the roof"
the roof "is almost always a front gable, though gambrel and bowed roofs are occasionally found"
"a better grade of materials is often used on the façade than on the sides or rear of the building" and
"the façade exhibits greater ornamentation than do the other sides of the building."^[25]

Facadism

Show facades

Lombard architecture

Western false front architecture

See also

References

Sources

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