List of missions to Mars

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This is a list of spacecraft missions (including unsuccessful ones) to the planet Mars, such as orbiters, landers, and rovers. Mission time is often measured in Mars sols, solar days on Mars.

Missions

Mission Type Legend
  Mission to Mars
  Gravity assist, destination elsewhere
More information Mission, Launch date ...
Mission Launch date Operator Carrier rocket[1] Spacecraft Mission type[2] Outcome
1 1M No.1 10 October 1960 Soviet Union OKB-1 Molniya 1M No.1 Flyby Launch failure
Failed to achieve Earth orbit.[citation needed]
2 1M No.2 14 October 1960 Soviet Union OKB-1 Molniya 1M No.2 Flyby Launch failure
Failed to achieve Earth orbit.[citation needed]
3 2MV-4 No.1 24 October 1962 Soviet Union Soviet Union Molniya 2MV-4 No.1 Flyby Launch failure
Booster stage ("Block L") disintegrated in LEO.[citation needed]
4 Mars 1 1 November 1962 Soviet Union Soviet Union Molniya 2MV-4 No.2 Flyby Spacecraft failure
Communications lost before first flyby.[citation needed]
5 2MV-3 No.1 4 November 1962 Soviet Union Soviet Union Molniya 2MV-3 No.1 Lander Launch failure
Never left Low Earth orbit.[citation needed]
6 Mariner 3 5 November 1964 United States NASA Atlas LV-3 Agena-D Mariner 3 Flyby Launch failure
Payload fairing failed to separate.[citation needed]
7 Mariner 4 28 November 1964 United States NASA Atlas LV-3 Agena-D Mariner 4 Flyby Success
First successful flyby of Mars on 15 July 1965.[citation needed]
8 Zond 2 30 November 1964 Soviet Union Soviet Union Molniya 3MV-4A No.2 Flyby Spacecraft failure
Communications lost before flyby.[citation needed]
9 Mariner 6 25 February 1969 United States NASA Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D Mariner 6 Flyby Success
Part of a dual mission to Mars along with Mariner 7.[3]
10 2M No.521 27 March 1969 Soviet Union Soviet Union Proton-K / D 1969A[4] Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to achieve Earth orbit.[citation needed]
11 Mariner 7 27 March 1969 United States NASA Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D Mariner 7 Flyby Success
Part of a dual mission to Mars along with Mariner 7. Closest approach to Mars was five days after Mariner 6.[5]
12 2M No.522 2 April 1969 Soviet Union Soviet Union Proton-K / D 1969B[4] Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to achieve Earth orbit.[citation needed]
13 Mariner 8 9 May 1971 United States NASA Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D Mariner 8 Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to achieve Earth orbit.[citation needed]
14 Kosmos 419 10 May 1971 Soviet Union Soviet Union Proton-K / D 3MS No.170 Orbiter Launch failure
Never left Low Earth orbit; booster stage burn timer set incorrectly.[citation needed]
15 Mars 2 19 May 1971 Soviet Union Soviet Union Proton-K / D 4M No.171 Orbiter Success
SA 4M No.171 Lander Spacecraft failure
PrOP-M Rover Precluded
On November 27, the Mars 2 Orbiter became in short sequence the second spacecraft to orbit another planet.[6] The lander became the first human-made object to impact Mars. Deployed from Mars 2, failed to land during attempt on 27 November 1971.[7] Operated for 362 orbits[8] PrOP-M was the first rover launched to Mars. Lost when the Mars 2 lander crashed into the surface of Mars.[citation needed]
16 Mars 3 28 May 1971 Soviet Union Soviet Union Proton-K / D 4M No.172 Orbiter Success
SA 4M No.172 Lander Partial failure[9][10]
PrOP-M Rover Precluded
On December 2, it became in short sequence the third spacecraft to orbit another planet.[6] Operated for 20 orbits.[11][12] Mars 3 Lander was the first lander to make a soft landing on Mars on 2 December 1971. First partial image (70 lines) transmitted showing "gray background with no details".[11] Contact lost 20 seconds after transmission started, 110 seconds after landing.[13][14] PrOP-M was the first rover to make a soft landing on another planet. 4.5 kg (9.9 lb) rover connected to the Mars 3 lander by a tether. Deployment status unknown due to loss of communications with the Mars 3 lander.[13]
17 Mariner 9 30 May 1971 United States NASA Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D Mariner 9 Orbiter Success
First spacecraft to orbit another planet, two weeks ahead of Mars 2 on November 14.[6] Deactivated 516 days after entering orbit.[15]
18 Mars 4 21 July 1973 Soviet Union Soviet Union Proton-K / D 3MS No.52S Orbiter Partial failure
Failed to perform orbital insertion burn. Returned photographs of Mars during flyby.[16]
19 Mars 5 25 July 1973 Soviet Union Soviet Union Proton-K / D 3MS No.52S Orbiter Success
Contact lost after 9 days in Mars orbit. Returned 180 frames.[citation needed]
20 Mars 6 5 August 1973 Soviet Union Soviet Union Proton-K / D 3MS No.50P Orbiter Success
Mars 6 lander Lander Spacecraft failure
Flyby bus collected data.[17] Contact lost upon landing, atmospheric data mostly unusable.[citation needed]
21 Mars 7 9 August 1973 Soviet Union Soviet Union Proton-K / D 3MP No.51P Flyby Success
Mars 7 lander Lander Spacecraft failure
Flyby bus collected data.[citation needed] Lander separated from coast stage prematurely, failed to enter Martian atmosphere.[citation needed]
22 Viking 1 20 August 1975 United States NASA Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T Viking 1 orbiter Orbiter Success
Viking 1 lander Lander Success
Entered Mars orbit on 19 June 1976 and operated until 1385 orbits.[citation needed] Viking 1 lander was the First successful Mars lander. Deployed from Viking 1 orbiter. Landed on Mars on 20 July 1976. Operated for 2245 sols.[citation needed]
23 Viking 2 9 September 1975 United States NASA Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T Viking 2 orbiter Orbiter Success
Viking 2 lander Lander Success
Operated for 700 orbits. Entered Mars orbit on 7 August 1976.[citation needed] Viking 2 lander was deployed from Viking 2 orbiter. Landed on Mars in September 1976. Operated for 1281 sols (11 April 1980).[citation needed]
24 Phobos 1 7 July 1988 Soviet Union Soviet Union Proton-K / D-2 1F No.101 Orbiter Spacecraft failure
DAS Lander (Phobos) Precluded
Communications lost before reaching Mars; failed to enter orbit. Phobos lander was to have been deployed by the spacecraft.[citation needed]
25 Phobos 2 12 July 1988 Soviet Union Soviet Union Proton-K / D-2 1F No.102 Orbiter Mostly successful
DAS Lander (Phobos) Precluded
Prop-F Rover (Phobos) Precluded
Orbital observations successful, communications lost before lander and rover deployment.[citation needed]
26 Mars Observer 25 September 1992 United States NASA Commercial Titan III Mars Observer Orbiter Spacecraft failure
Lost communications before orbital insertion.[citation needed]
27 Mars Global Surveyor 7 November 1996 United States NASA Delta II 7925 Mars Global Surveyor Orbiter Success
Operated for ten years.[citation needed]
28 Mars 96 16 November 1996 Russia Roscosmos Proton-K / D-2 M1 No.520(Mars-8)[4] Orbiter Launch failure
Mars 96 lander (A) Lander Precluded
Mars 96 lander (B) Lander Precluded
Mars 96 penetrator (A) Penetrator Precluded
Mars 96 penetrator (B) Penetrator Precluded
Never left Low Earth orbit. Two small landers and penetrators were to have been deployed by the Mars 96 orbiter.[18]
29 Mars Pathfinder 4 December 1996 United States NASA Delta II 7925 Mars Pathfinder Orbiter Success
Sojourner Rover Success
Landed at 19.13°N 33.22°W on 4 July 1997,[19] last contact on 27 September 1997.[20] Sojourner was the first rover to operate on another planet. Operated for 84 days[21]
30 Nozomi 3 July 1998 Japan ISAS M-V PLANET-B Orbiter Spacecraft failure
Performed a Mars flyby. Later contact lost due to loss of fuel. However provided crucial information about the deep space environment.[22]
31 Mars Surveyor '98 Orbiter 11 December 1998 United States NASA Delta II 7425 Mars Climate Orbiter Orbiter Spacecraft failure
Approached Mars too closely during orbit insertion attempt due to a software interface bug involving different units for impulse and either burned up in the atmosphere or entered solar orbit.[citation needed]
32 Mars Surveyor '98 Lander 3 January 1999 United States NASA Delta II 7425 Mars Polar Lander Lander Spacecraft failure
Deep Space 2 (A) Penetrator Spacecraft failure
Deep Space 2 (B) Penetrator Spacecraft failure
Failed to function after landing. No data transmitted from Deep Space 2 after deployment from MPL.[citation needed]
33 2001 Mars Odyssey 7 April 2001 United States NASA Delta II 7925 Mars Odyssey Orbiter Operational
Was expected to remain operational until 2025.[citation needed] Operational as of 25 March 2026.[23]
34 Mars Express 2 June 2003 ESA
 Soyuz-FG / Fregat Mars Express Orbiter Orbiter Operational
Beagle 2 Lander Spacecraft failure
Enough fuel to remain operational until 2035.[citation needed] No communications received after release from Mars Express. Orbital images of landing site suggest a successful landing, but two solar panels failed to deploy, obstructing its communications.[citation needed]
35 Spirit 10 June 2003 United States NASA Delta II 7925 Spirit (MER-A) Rover Success
Landed on 4 January 2004. Operated for 2208 sols.[citation needed]
36 Opportunity 8 July 2003 United States NASA Delta II 7925H Opportunity (MER-B) Rover Success
Landed on 25 January 2004. Operated for 5351 sols.[citation needed]
– Cornerstone 9 2 March 2004 ESA
 Ariane 5G+ Rosetta Flyby (Gravity assist) Success
Philae Flyby (Gravity assist) Success
Flyby in February 2007 en route to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko.[24]
37 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 12 August 2005 United States NASA Atlas V 401 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Orbiter Operational
Entered orbit on 10 March 2006.[citation needed]
38 Phoenix 4 August 2007 United States NASA Delta II 7925 Phoenix Lander Success
Landed on 25 May 2008. End of mission 2 November 2008.[citation needed]
– Dawn 27 September 2007 United States NASA Delta II 7925H Dawn Flyby (Gravity assist) Success
Flyby in February 2009 en route to 4 Vesta and Ceres.[citation needed]
39 China-Russia joint Mars mission 8 November 2011 Russia Roscosmos Zenit-2M Fobos-Grunt Sample return (Phobos) Launch failure
China CNSA Yinghuo-1 Orbiter Precluded
Never left Low Earth orbit (intended to depart under own power). Yinghuo-1 was to have been deployed by Fobos-Grunt.[citation needed]
40 Mars Science Laboratory 26 November 2011 United States NASA Atlas V 541 Curiosity Rover Operational
Landed on 6 August 2012.[citation needed]
41 Mars Orbiter Mission 5 November 2013 India ISRO PSLV-XL MOM Orbiter Success
Entered orbit on 24 September 2014. Mission extended to 2022, where the mission concluded on September 27, 2022, after contact was lost.[25]
42 MAVEN 18 November 2013 United States NASA Atlas V 401 MAVEN Orbiter Operational
Orbit insertion on 22 September 2014[26] Contact lost on 6 December 2025.[citation needed]
43 ExoMars 14 March 2016 Russia Roscosmos / ESA Proton-M / Briz-M Trace Gas Orbiter Sample return (Phobos) Launch failure
ESA Schiaparelli EDM Lander Spacecraft failure
Entered orbit on 19 October 2016.[citation needed] Schiaparelli EDM lander was Carried by the Orbiter. Although the lander crashed,[27][28] engineering data on the first five minutes of entry was successfully retrieved.[29][30]
44 Discovery 12 5 May 2018 United States NASA Atlas V 401 InSight Lander Success
MarCO-A Flyby Success
MarCO-B Flyby Success
InSight landed on 26 November 2018. Last contact 15 December 2022. MarCO A and B relay cubesats which were used to test communications, flewby Mars on 26 November 2018 with last contact contact on 4 January 2019.[31][32][33]
45 Emirates Mars Mission 19 July 2020 United Arab Emirates MBRSC Long March 5 Hope Orbiter Operational
Entered orbit on 9 February 2021.[34][35][36][37]
46 Tianwen-1 23 July 2020 China CNSA Long March 5 Tianwen-1 orbiter Orbiter Operational
Tianwen-1 lander Lander Success
Zhurong Rover Success
Tianwen-1 Remote Camera Camera Success
Tianwen-1 Deployable Camera 2 Camera Success
Entered orbit on 10 February 2021.[38][39] Tianwen-1 lander landed on 14 May 2021 and deployed Zhurong rover. Rover became inactive on 20 May 2022.[40] Remote Camera was deployed by the Tianwen-1 lander on 22 May 2021.[41] Deployable Camera 2 entered orbit on 10 February 2021, deployed 31 December 2021.[42]
47 Mars 2020 30 July 2020 United States NASA Atlas V 541 Perseverance Rover Operational
Ingenuity Helicopter Success
Landed on 18 February 2021.[43][44] Ingenuity took the first aerodynamic flight on another planet. Landed with Perseverance rover on 18 February 2021.[45] Deployed from rover on 3 April 2021. First flight achieved on April 19, 2021.[46] Retired on 25 January 2024 due to sustained rotor blade damage.[citation needed]
– Discovery 14 13 October 2023 United States NASA Falcon Heavy Psyche Flyby (Gravity assist) Enroute
Gravity assist en route to 16 Psyche in May 2026[47]
– S2P-1 7 October 2024 ESA Falcon 9 Hera Flyby (Gravity assist) Success
Flyby in March 2025 en route to 65803 Didymos.[citation needed]
– Europa Clipper 14 October 2024 United States NASA Falcon Heavy Europa Clipper Flyby (Gravity assist) Success
Flyby in March 2025 en route to Jupiter and Europa.[citation needed]
48 ESCAPADE 13 November 2025 United States NASA / UC Berkeley New Glenn ESCAPADE Blue Orbiter Enroute
ESCAPADE Gold Orbiter Enroute
Twin spacecraft; Mars orbit insertion expected in September 2027.[48]
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Landing locations

Mars landing sites (16 December 2020)

In 1999, Mars Climate Orbiter accidentally entered Mars's atmosphere and either burnt up or left Mars's orbit on an unknown trajectory.[citation needed]

There are a number of derelict spacecraft orbiting Mars whose location is not known precisely. There is a proposal to use the Optical Navigation Camera on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter to search for small moons, dust rings and old orbiters.[49] As of 2016, there were believed to be eight derelict spacecraft in orbit around Mars (barring unforeseen event).[50] The Viking 1 orbiter was not expected to decay until at least 2019.[51] Mariner 9, which entered Mars orbit in 1971, was expected to remain in orbit until approximately 2022, when it was projected to enter the Martian atmosphere and either burn up, or crash into the planet's surface.[52]

See also: List of Mars orbiters

Timeline

Zhurong (rover)Tianwen-1Ingenuity (helicopter)Perseverance (rover)InSightCuriosity (rover)Phoenix (spacecraft)Opportunity (rover)Spirit (rover)Sojourner (rover)Mars PathfinderViking 2Viking 1PrOP-MMars 3

Missions to the moons of Mars

Phobos' Stickney Crater
Deimos (lower left) and Phobos (lower right) compared with the asteroid 951 Gaspra
Phobos by Mars Global Surveyor in 1998[53]

There have also been proposed missions dedicated to explore the two moons of Mars, Phobos and Deimos. Many missions to Mars have also included dedicated observations of the moons, while this section is about missions focused solely on them. There have been three unsuccessful dedicated missions and many proposals. Because of the proximity of the Mars moons to Mars, any mission to them may also be considered a mission to Mars from some perspectives.

Past missions

Three missions to land on Phobos have been launched; the Soviet Phobos program in the late 1980s saw the launch of Phobos 1 and Phobos 2, while the Russian Fobos-Grunt sample return mission was launched in 2011. None of these missions were successful: Phobos 1 failed en route to Mars, Phobos 2 failed shortly before landing, and Fobos-Grunt never left low Earth orbit.

More information Mission, Target ...
Mission Target Outcome Reference
Phobos 1Phobos Spacecraft failure
Phobos 2Phobos Spacecraft failure
Fobos-GruntPhobosLaunch failure
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Planned missions

In Japan, the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) is developing a sample return mission to Phobos.[54][55] This mission is called Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)[56] and is a flagship Strategic Large Mission.[57] MMX will build on the expertise the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) would gain through the Hayabusa2 and SLIM missions.[58] As of December 2023, MMX is scheduled to launch in 2026.[59]

More information Planned mission, Target ...
Planned missionTargetReference
Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)Phobos and Deimos[56]
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Past proposals

There have been at least three proposals in NASA's Discovery Program, including PADME, PANDORA, and MERLIN.[60] The ESA has also considered a sample return mission, like Martian Moon Sample Return (MMSR).[61]

Osiris-Rex 2 was a proposal to make OR a double mission, with the other one collecting samples from the two Mars moons.[62] In 2012, it was considered the quickest and least expensive way to get samples from the moons.[63]

The "Red Rocks Project", a part of Lockheed Martin's "Stepping Stones to Mars" program, proposed to explore Mars robotically from Deimos.[64][65]

More information Proposal, Target ...
ProposalTargetReference
AladdinPhobos and Deimos[66]
DePhinePhobos and Deimos[67]
DSRDeimos[68]
GulliverDeimos[69]
HallPhobos and Deimos[70]
M-PADSPhobos and Deimos[71]
MerlinPhobos and Deimos[72]
MMSRPhobos or Deimos[61]
OSIRIS-REx 2Phobos or Deimos[63]
PandoraPhobos and Deimos[60]
PCROSSPhobos[73]
Phobos SurveyorPhobos[74]
PRIMEPhobos[75]
Fobos-Grunt 2Phobos[76]
PhootprintPhobos[77][78]
PADMEPhobos and Deimos[79][80]
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Statistics

Summary

NASA missions to Mars (as of 2021): Perseverance rover/Ingenuity Mars Helicopter; InSight lander; Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter; Mars Odyssey orbiter; Curiosity rover; MAVEN orbiter
More information Decade, 1960s ...
Launches to Mars
Decade
    1960s
    12
    1970s
    11
    1980s
    2
    1990s
    7
    2000s
    6
    2010s
    6
    2020s
    4
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    Mission milestone by country

    Legend

      Achieved
      Failed attempt
    † First to achieve

    More information Country/Agency, Flyby ...
    Mars missions
    Country/Agency Flyby Orbit Impact Lander Rover Drone Sample return Crewed Landing
    United States United States Mariner 4, 1965 † Mariner 9, 1971 † Mars Polar Lander, 1999 Viking 1, 1976 Sojourner, 1997 † Ingenuity, 2021 † — —
    China China Tianwen-1, 2021 Tianwen-1, 2021 — Tianwen-1, 2021 Zhurong, 2021 — — —
    Soviet Union Soviet Union Mars 2, 1971 Mars 2, 1971 Mars 2 Lander, 1971 † Mars 3, 1971 † PrOP-M, 1971 — — —
    ESA Mars Express, 2003 Mars Express, 2003 Schiaparelli EDM, 2016 Schiaparelli EDM, 2016 — — — —
    United Kingdom United Kingdom Beagle 2, 2003 — Beagle 2, 2003 Beagle 2, 2003[a] — — — —
    Russia Russia TGO, 2016 TGO, 2016 Mars 96, 1996 Mars 96, 1996 — — — —
    India India MOM, 2014 MOM, 2014 — — — — — —
    United Arab Emirates UAE Hope, 2021 Hope, 2021 — — — — — —
    Japan Japan Nozomi, 1998 Nozomi, 1998 — — — — — —
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    More information Country/Agency, Impact ...
    Phobos missions
    Country/Agency Impact Lander Rover Sample return
    Soviet Union Soviet Union Phobos 1, 1988 Phobos 1, 1988 Phobos 1, 1988 —
    Russia Russia Fobos-Grunt, 2011 Fobos-Grunt, 2011 — Fobos-Grunt, 2011
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    Missions by organization/company

    More information Country, Agency or company ...
    Country Agency or company Successful Partial failure Failure Operational Gravity assist Total
    United States NASA 13 - 5 5 1 24
    Soviet Union Soviet Union Energia 1 6 10 - - 17
    Russia Russia Roscosmos - 1 2 - - 3
    23 member states
    •  Austria
    •  Belgium
    •  Czechia
    •  Denmark
    •  Estonia
    •  Finland
    •  France
    •  Germany
    •  Greece
    •  Hungary
    •  Ireland
    •  Italy
    •  Luxembourg
    •  Netherlands
    •  Norway
    •  Poland
    •  Portugal
    •  Romania
    •  Slovenia
    •  Spain
    •  Sweden
    •   Switzerland
    •  United Kingdom
    		ESA - 2 - - 1 3
    China CNSA 1 - 1 1 - 2
    India ISRO 1 - - - - 1
    United Arab Emirates UAESA 1 - - 1 - 1
    Japan ISAS - - 1 - - 1
    United Kingdom NSC - - 1 - - 1
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    Future missions

    Under development

    More information Name, Proposed launch date ...
    Name Proposed
    launch date    		 Type Status Reference
    JapanGermanyFrance Martian Moons eXploration and Idefix rover 2026 Phobos sample return mission under development [59]
    China Tianwen-3 2028 Mars sample return mission under development [81]
    Rosalind Franklin 2028 Rover under development
    India Mars Lander Mission 2031 Orbiter, lander, rover, aircraft under development [82]
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    Proposed missions

    More information Mission, Organisation ...
    Mission Organisation Proposed
    launch    		 Type
    First Commercial Mission to Mars United States Relativity Space, Impulse Space 2026[needs update] Lander[83]
    Mars Telecommunications Orbiter United States NASA TBA Orbiter
    Space Reactor‑1 Freedom / Skyfall NASA NET 2028 The "first nuclear powered interplanetary spacecraft" and several Ingenuity-class helicopters[84]
    TEREX Japan JAXA Mid 2020s Orbiter[85]
    International Mars Ice Mapper Mission United States NASA (withdrawn)[86]
    Canada Canadian Space Agency
    Italy Italian Space Agency
    Japan JAXA    		 2030s[87] Orbiter
    Mars Life Explorer United States NASA 2030s[88][89][90] Lander
    Fobos-Grunt 2 and Mars-Grunt Russia Roscosmos 2030s[91] Orbiter, lander, ascent vehicle, sample-return
    MAGGIE United States NASA Aircraft
    M-MATISSE ESA Two orbiters[92]
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    Unrealized concepts

    1970s

    • Mars 4NM and Mars 5NM – projects intended by the Soviet Union for heavy Marsokhod (in 1973 according to initial plan of 1970) and Mars sample return (planned for 1975). The missions were to be launched on the failed N1 rocket.[93]
    • Mars 5M (Mars-79) – double-launching Soviet sample return mission planned to 1979 but cancelled due to complexity and technical problems
    • Voyager-Mars – USA, 1970s – Two orbiters and two landers, launched by a single Saturn V rocket.

    1990s

    • Vesta – the multiaimed Soviet mission, developed in cooperation with European countries for realisation in 1991–1994 but canceled due to the Soviet Union disbanding, included the flyby of Mars with delivering the aerostat and small landers or penetrators followed by flybys of 1 Ceres or 4 Vesta and some other asteroids with impact of penetrator on the one of them.
    • Mars Aerostat – Russian/French balloon part for cancelled Vesta mission and then for failed Mars 96 mission,[94] originally planned for the 1992 launch window, postponed to 1994 and then to 1996 before being cancelled.[95]
    • Mars Together, combined U.S. and Russian mission study in the 1990s. To be launched by a Molniya with possible U.S. orbiter or lander.[96][97]
    • Mars Environmental Survey – set of 16 landers planned for 1999–2009
    • Mars-98 – Russian mission including an orbiter, lander, and rover, planned for 1998 launch opportunity as repeat of failed Mars 96 mission; cancelled due to lack of funding.[98]

    2000s

    • Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander – 2001 lander (refurbished, became Phoenix lander)
    • Kitty Hawk – Mars airplane micromission, proposed in 2003, the centennial of the Wright brothers' first flight.[99] Its funding was eventually given to the 2003 Mars Network project.[100]
    • NetLander – 2007 Mars landers
    • Beagle 3 – 2009 British lander mission meant to search for life, past or present
    • Mars Telecommunications Orbiter – 2009 orbiter for telecommunications

    2010s–2020s

    See also

    Notes

    1. [a]
      While Beagle 2 had landed intact, it failed to establish communication.

    References

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