Golyad language
Extinct language of the East Galindians
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Golyad (Russian: голя́дский язык) or East Galindian (Latvian: austrumgalindu valoda, Lithuanian: rytų galindų kalba) is a poorly attested extinct Baltic language of the Dnieper Balts living in the Protva basin in present-day Russia.[2] The Golyad people are believed to have descended from the Moshchiny culture and is the only known ethnonym for the Dnieper-Oka language.[1] Due to there being no known written documents of the Golyad language, the language is poorly known.[3] The language went extinct in the 12th century due to Early Slavic migration and assimilation.[1] It is believed the vernaculars of the Finno-Ugrians and Volga Finns adopted loanwords from East Galindian.[4]
| Golyad | |
|---|---|
| East Galindian, Golyadsky | |
| *Galindai | |
| Region | Protva basin |
| Ethnicity | Eastern Galindians |
| Extinct | 12th century AD[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xgl (shared with West Galindian) |
xgl | |
| Glottolog | None |
Eastern Europe in 7–8th century with Baltic tribes shown in dark purple and Golyad people being shown in the isolated pocket within Slavic territory. | |
Phonology
Lexicon
There are some Russian dialectal words from the Protva basin region suspected to be of Baltic origin:[7]
| Russian | Transliteration | Translation | Proposed Baltic cognates |
|---|---|---|---|
| алáня | alánja | 'beer' | Lithuanian: alìnas 'special type of beer', Lithuanian: alùs, Latvian: aliņš |
| кромсáть | kromsát' | 'to break something into pieces' | Lithuanian: kramsė́ti, Latvian: kramstīt |
| нóрот | nórot | 'fishing gear' | Lithuanian: nérti, Latvian: nērt 'to sink' |
| пикýлька | pikúl'ka | 'type of weed' | Lithuanian: pìkulė 'sisymbrium' |
It is believed that the hydronyms "Lama", "Yauza", "Nudol" and "Churilikha" have Baltic origins.[8] Specifically, the Churilikha's name has origins in the Lithuanian word for narrow and other names for the Churilikha such as Goledyanka have origins from the Golyad themselves.[9] It is also believed that the name of the two villages of Golyadi has their names originate from the Golyads.[8][10]