Tetrigidae

Family of Caelifera From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Tetrigidae[1] is an ancient family in the order Orthoptera,[2] which also includes similar families such as crickets, grasshoppers, and their allies. Species within the Tetrigidae are variously called groundhoppers,[3] pygmy grasshoppers,[4] pygmy devils[5] or (mostly historical) "grouse locusts".[6]

Phylum:Arthropoda
Class:Insecta
Order:Orthoptera
Suborder:Caelifera
Quick facts Scientific classification, Subfamilies ...
Tetrigidae
Tetrix species
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Orthoptera
Suborder: Caelifera
Superfamily: Tetrigoidea
Family: Tetrigidae
Rambur, 1838
Subfamilies
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Diagnostic characteristics

A typical Tetrigid species that commonly inhabits arid banks of water bodies in Southern Africa. Lateral aspect, showing how the pronotum covers the hind-wings. The vestigial tegmen is visible just above the anterior coxa.
Tetrigidae Dorsal aspect. The same specimen from above. In both pictures note the unusually heavy structure of the posterior femur, and the correspondingly massive pulley-like femoro-tibial joint, similar to the anatomy of the Tridactylidae.

Tetrigidae are typically less than 20 mm (0.79 in) in length and are recognizable by a long pronotum. This pronotum extends over the length of the abdomen, sometimes to the tip of the wings, and ends in a point.[4] In other Orthoptera, the pronotum is short and covers neither the abdomen nor the wings. Tetrigidae are generally cryptic in coloration.[7] Some species have enlarged pronota that mimic leaves, stones or twigs.[8][9]

Other characteristics pygmy grasshoppers exhibit in comparison to other Orthoptera families are the lack of an arolium between the claws, the first thoracic sternite being modified into collar-like structure called sternomentum, a tarsal formula of 2-2-3, scaly fore -wings, and developed hindwings.[10]

General biology

In temperate regions, Tetrigidae are generally found along streams and ponds, where they feed on algae and diatoms.[11] The North American species Paratettix aztecus and Paratettix mexicanus, for example, depend on aquatic primary production for between 80% and 100% of their diet.[12] Detritus, moss and fungal hyphae also dominates the diet in many species.[13] Riparian species are capable of swimming on the surface of the water, and readily leap into the water when alarmed[9] Some species in the tribe Scelimenini are fully aquatic and capable of swimming underwater.[10][11]

The highest biodiversity of Tetrigidae is found in tropical forests.[10] Some tropical species are arboreal and live among mosses and lichens in tree buttresses or in the canopy,[11] while others live on the forest floor.[7]

Like other Orthoptera, Tetrigidae have a hemimetabolous development, in which eggs hatch into nymphs. Unlike other temperate Orthoptera, however, temperate Tetrigidae generally overwinter as adults.[4]

Some subfamilies within the Tetrigidae, such as the Batrachideinae, are sometimes elevated to family rank besides the Tetrigidae.

Arulenus miae is a pygmy grasshopper species from the tropical mountainous rainforests of the Philippines. The species was firstly discovered in Facebook post.[5]

Paratettix aztecus eating algae

Etymology

Origin of the name of the family is not completely clear as there are different sources on its etymology. The name may be derived from Latin tetricus or taetricus, meaning harsh, sour, severe.[14] The name may also originate from the earlier name 'Tettigidae', based on Tettix (synonym of Tetrix), which was preoccupied by Tettigidae (synonym of Cicadidae).[15] Because of the preoccupation by the cicadas' family name, the second 't' in 'tt' was changed into 'r', resulting in the word Tetrigidae.

Subfamilies, tribes and selected genera

More than 320 genera in 10 subfamilies have been described; according to the Orthoptera Species File[16] the following are included:

Subfamily Batrachideinae

Saussurella cornuta

Auth.: Bolívar, 1887; selected genera:

Subfamily Cladonotinae

Potua morbillosa (Borneo)

Auth.: Bolívar, 1887; selected genera:

Tribe Cladonotini Bolívar, 1887[17]
  • Cladonotus Saussure, 1862
  • Deltonotus Hancock, 1904
  • Piezotettix Bolívar, 1887
Tribe Choriphyllini Cadena-Castañeda & Silva, 2019[18]
  1. Choriphyllum Serville, 1838
  2. Phyllotettix Hancock, 1902
Tribe Valalyllini Deranja, Kasalo, Adžić, Franjević & Skejo, 2022[19]
  1. Lepocranus Devriese, 1991
  2. Valalyllum Deranja, Kasalo, Adžić, Franjević & Skejo, 2022
Tribe Xerophyllini Günther, 1979

SE Asia - selected genera:

Tribe Unassigned

Subfamily Criotettiginae

Auth. Kevan, 1966

Criotettigini

Auth. Kevan, 1966

  1. Acanthalobus Hancock, 1904
  2. Criotettix Bolívar, 1887
  3. Dasyleurotettix Rehn, 1904

Thoradontini

Auth. Kevan, 1966

  1. Aryalidonta Subedi & Kasalo, 2023
  2. Eucriotettix Hebard, 1930
  3. Loxilobus Hancock, 1904
  4. Thoradonta Hancock, 1909
  5. Yunnantettix Zheng, 1995

Criotettiginae: tribe unassigned

  1. Afrocriotettix Günther, 1938
  2. Amphinotulus Günther, 1939
  3. Apterotettix Hancock, 1904
  4. Bolivaritettix Günther, 1939
  5. Bolotettix Hancock, 1907
  6. Cotysoides Zheng & Jiang, 2000
  7. Hyboella Hancock, 1915
  8. Indomiriatra Tinkham, 1939
  9. Miriatroides Zheng & Jiang, 2002
  10. Probolotettix Günther, 1939
  11. Rhopalina Tinkham, 1939
  12. Rostella Hancock, 1913
  13. Spadotettix Hancock, 1910
  14. Tettitelum Hancock, 1915

Subfamily Guntheritettiginae

Auth.: Cadena-Castañeda, 2025[20] - Madagascar & Indian Ocean islands:

Holocerus (with red mites, Madagascar)
tribe Guntheritettigini Cadena-Castañeda, 2025
  • Guntheritettix Cadena-Castañeda & Tavares, 2025: monotypic G. formidabilis (Günther, 1974)
  • Holocerus Bolívar, 1887: monotypic Holocerus lucifer (Serville, 1838)
tribe Tumbrinckitettigini Cadena-Castañeda, 2025
  • Cryptotettix Hancock, 1900
  • Tumbrinckitettix Cadena-Castañeda & Tavares, 2025
Subfamily Hildegardiinae Cadena-Castañeda, 2025 - monogeneric
  1. Hildegardia Günther, 1974

Subfamily Lophotettiginae

Auth.: Hancock, 1909; distribution S. America, all genera:

  1. Lophotettix Hancock, 1909
  2. Phelene Bolívar, 1906

Subfamily Metrodorinae

Auth.: Bolívar, 1887; selected genera:

Tribe Amorphopini Günther, 1939
  • Amorphopus Serville, 1838
Tribe Cleostratini Hancock, 1907
Rostella phyllocera (Borneo)
Tribe Clinophaestini Storozhenko, 2013
  • Birmana Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
  • Clinophaestus Storozhenko, 2013
Tribe Miriatrini Cadena-Castañeda & Cardona, 2015 (monotypic)
  • Miriatra Bolívar, 1906
Tribe Metrodorini Bolívar, 1887
Tribe Ophiotettigini Tumbrinck & Skejo, 2017
Tribe Unassigned

Subfamily Scelimeninae

Discotettix belzebuth (Scelimeninae)

Auth.: Hancock, 1907 Tribe Scelimenini Hancock, 1907; selected genera:

incertae sedis

Subfamily Tetriginae

Paratettix sp.

Auth.: Serville, 1838; selected genera

Tribe Dinotettigini Günther, 1979
  • Dinotettix Bolívar, 1905
  • Ibeotettix Rehn, 1930
Tribe Tetrigini Serville, 1838
Tribe unassigned

Subfamily Tripetalocerinae

Auth.: Bolívar, 1887

Tripetalocera ferruginea

Tripetalocerinae was originally described by Bolívar in 1887[21] to gather all the Tetrigidae genera of the old world with widened antennae (e.g. Arulenus, Discotettix, Hirrius, Ophiotettix, Tripetalocera). This subfamily today includes only two species in two genera - Tripetalocera (with one species) from India and Borneo and Tripetaloceroides (with one species) from Vietnam and PR China. Members of the subfamily are characteristic within Tetrigidae by massive antennae built up of only eight segments (other Tetrigidae have usually 11-16, Batrachideinae 18-22).[22] Until recently,[22] the subfamily included two tribes - Tripetalocerini and Clinophaestini (including Clinophaestus and Birmana), but the later was moved to the subfamily Metrodorinae due to similarity to Ophiotettigini.[23]

Subfamily unassigned

tribe Echopraxiini Kasalo & Skejo, 2024
  1. Echopraxia (insect) Kasalo & Skejo, 2024
  2. Eurymorphopus Hancock, 1907
  3. Peraxelpa Sjöstedt, 1932
  4. Planotettix Tumbrinck, 2014
  5. Poseidontettix Kasalo & Skejo, 2025
Exanimini Kasalo, Tumbrinck & Skejo, 2024
  1. Exanimus Kasalo, Tumbrinck & Skejo, 2024
  2. Fijixistra Kasalo, Tumbrinck & Skejo, 2024
  3. Ginixistra Kasalo, Tumbrinck & Skejo, 2025
Fijitettigini Kasalo, Tumbrinck & Skejo, 2024
  1. Fijitettix Kasalo, Tumbrinck & Skejo, 2024
  2. Salomonotettix Günther, 1939
Nophthini Kasalo & Skejo, 2025
  1. Dystopia (insect) Kasalo & Skejo, 2025
  2. Nophtha Kasalo & Skejo, 2025
Quasimodini Kasalo & Skejo, 2024
  1. Quasimodo (insect) Kasalo & Skejo, 2024
  2. Seraph (insect) Kasalo & Skejo, 2024
  3. Willemsetettix Tumbrinck, 2014

Xistrellini

Auth: Skejo, Storozhenko, Tumbrinck & Kasalo, 2025; distribution: India, China, Indochina, western Malesia.[24]

  1. Afrosystolederus Devriese & Husemann, 2023
  2. Bannatettix Zheng, 1993
  3. Kanakacris Kasalo & Skejo, 2025
  4. Phaesticus Uvarov, 1940 (synonym Flatocerus Liang & Zheng, 1984)
  5. Pseudoparatettix Günther, 1937
  6. Pseudosystolederus Günther, 1939
  7. Pseudoxistrella Liang, 1991
  8. Synalibas Günther, 1939
  9. Systolederus Bolívar, 1887
  10. Teredorus Hancock, 1907
  11. Xistrella Bolívar, 1909
No tribe assigned
  1. Almacris Skejo, Patano, Škorput & Kasalo, 2025
  2. †Archaeotetrix Sharov, 1968
  3. †Eozaentetrix Zessin, 2017
  4. Euloxilobus Sjöstedt, 1936
  5. Parahirrius Skejo, Patano & Kasalo, 2024
  6. †Prototetrix Sharov, 1968
  7. Spertor Kasalo & Skejo, 2025
  8. Xistra Bolívar, 1887

References

External links

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