Haman Formation
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Early Cretaceous geological formation in South Korea
Unit ofHayang Group
UnderliesJindong & Banyawol Formations
OverliesSilla Conglomerate, Hagbong volcanics
| Haman Formation | |
|---|---|
| Stratigraphic range: Albian-Cenomanian ~105.4–95.7 Ma | |
| Type | Geological formation |
| Unit of | Hayang Group |
| Underlies | Jindong & Banyawol Formations |
| Overlies | Silla Conglomerate, Hagbong volcanics |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Sandstone |
| Other | Siltstone, shale |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | 35°48′N 128°48′E / 35.8°N 128.8°E / 35.8; 128.8 |
| Approximate paleocoordinates | 44°24′N 125°12′E / 44.4°N 125.2°E / 44.4; 125.2 |
| Region | Gyeongsangnam-do |
| Country | South Korea |
| Extent | Gyeongsang Basin |
  Haman Formation (South Korea) | |
The Haman Formation (Korean: 함안층; Hanja: 咸安層; RR: Ham-an-cheung) is a Cretaceous geological formation in South Korea. It is dated to the Albian-Cenomanian stages, between 105.4 ± 0.4 Ma and 95.7 ± 0.6 Ma.[1][2] The deposit is known for its tracks, including those of dinosaurs,[3][4] pterosaurs and birds.[5][6][7] It overlies the Silla Conglomerate which overlies the Chilgok Formation. It is laterally equivalent to the Sagog Formation.[8]
Ichnofossils
Fossil pterosaur, theropod, sauropod and ornithopod tracks have been recovered from this formation. Some scratch marks made by theropod tracemakers show signs of avian-like courtship display behavior.[9] Dinosaur skin impressions have also been found in this formation.[10][11]
| Ichnofossils of the Haman Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ichnogenus | Ichnospecies | Region[12] | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
| Pteraichnus[5][13] | P. isp. | Namhae | Pterosaur track, showing swimming traces.[12] Haman specimens housed at Korea National University of Education, Cheongwongun, South Korea.[13] | |||
| Dromaeosauripus | D. hamanensis[4] | Namhae | Dromaeosaur track, belonging to a 70 cm (28 in) tall individual. | |||
| Neosauroides[14] | N. koreanensis | Lizard trackway | ||||
| Koreanaornis | K. hamanensis | Haman and Jinju | Bird track; the first vertebrate ichnotaxon reported from South Korea.[15] | |||
| Caririchnium | C. isp. | Juvenile ornithopod tracks, belonging to either derived iguanodonts or basal hadrosauroids. The trackmakers' hip heights are estimated between 76.4 and 102.1 cm (30.1 and 40.2 in).[16] | ||||
| Minisauripus | M. cf. zhenshuonani or M. cf. chuanzhuensis[17] | Namhae | One of the smallest known theropod tracks. | |||
| Ignotornis | Namhae (I. yangi) and Jinju (I. gajinensis) | The oldest known web-footed bird tracks. I. gajinensis shows feeding traces.[12] | ||||
| Brontopodus[3] | B. birdi | Namhae | Sauropod tracks[12] | |||
| Gyeongsangsauropus[18] | G. pentadactylus | Jinju | Sauropod tracks,[12] previously assigned to the ichnogenus Brontopodus | |||
| Batrachopus | B. cf. grandis | Namhae | B. grandis is the archosaur track made by either a bipedal crocodylomorph or therizinosaur.[19] Specimen from Haman Formation was originally assigned to pterosaur trackway ichnotaxon Haenamichnus gainensis.[20] | |||
| Grallator[21] | Sacheon | Theropod track | ||||
See also
References
- ↑ Lee, Tae-Ho; Park, Kye-Hun; Yi, Keewook (October 2018). "Nature and evolution of the Cretaceous basins in the eastern margin of Eurasia: A case study of the Gyeongsang Basin, SE Korea". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 166: 19–31. Bibcode:2018JAESc.166...19L. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2018.07.004. S2CID 135061525.
- ↑ Chae, Yong-Un; Choi, Taejin; Joo, Young Ji; Kim, Kyung Soo; Ha, Sujin; Lim, Hyoun Soo (2026). "Effective application of multidimensional scaling for detrital zircon geochronology in the southern Miryang Subbasin, Gyeongsang Basin, Korea". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 299 106954. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2026.106954.
- 1 2 Kim, Jeong Yul; Lockley, Martin G. (January 2012). "New Sauropod Tracks (Brontopodus pentadactylus ichnosp. nov.) from the Early Cretaceous Haman Formation of Jinju Area, Korea: Implications for Sauropods Manus Morphology". Ichnos. 19 (1–2): 84–92. Bibcode:2012Ichno..19...84K. doi:10.1080/10420940.2012.664056. ISSN 1042-0940. S2CID 129209272.
- 1 2 Kim, Jeong Yul; Kim, Kyung Soo; Lockley, Martin G.; Yang, Seong Young; Seo, Seung Jo; Choi, Hyun Il; Lim, Jong Deock (May 2008). "New didactyl dinosaur footprints (Dromaeosauripus hamanensis ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov.) from the Early Cretaceous Haman Formation, south coast of Korea". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 262 (1–2): 72–78. Bibcode:2008PPP...262...72K. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.02.003.
- 1 2 3 Kim, Jeong Yul; Kim, Sam Hyang; Kim, Kyung Soo; Lockley, Martin (February 2006). "The oldest record of webbed bird and pterosaur tracks from South Korea (Cretaceous Haman Formation, Changseon and Sinsu Islands): More evidence of high avian diversity in East Asia". Cretaceous Research. 27 (1): 56–69. Bibcode:2006CrRes..27...56K. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2005.10.005.
- 1 2 Kim, Jeong Yul; Lockley, Martin G.; Seo, Seung Jo; Kim, Kyung Soo; Kim, Sam Hyang; Baek, Kwang Seok (January 2012). "A Paradise of Mesozoic Birds: The World's Richest and Most Diverse Cretaceous Bird Track Assemblage from the Early Cretaceous Haman Formation of the Gajin Tracksite, Jinju, Korea". Ichnos. 19 (1–2): 28–42. Bibcode:2012Ichno..19...28K. doi:10.1080/10420940.2012.660414. ISSN 1042-0940. S2CID 129787299.
- ↑ Falk, A. R.; Hasiotis, S. T.; Martin, L. D. (2010-11-01). "Feeding Traces Associated with Bird Tracks from the Lower Cretaceous Haman Formation, Republic of Korea". PALAIOS. 25 (11): 730–741. Bibcode:2010Palai..25..730F. doi:10.2110/palo.2010.p10-057r. ISSN 0883-1351. S2CID 128765843.
- ↑ Lee, J. I.; Lee, Y. I. (2000-01-01). "Provenance of the Lower Cretaceous Hayang Group, Gyeongsang Basin, Southeastern Korea: Implications for Continental-Arc Volcanism". Journal of Sedimentary Research. 70 (1): 151–158. Bibcode:2000JSedR..70..151L. doi:10.1306/2DC40906-0E47-11D7-8643000102C1865D. ISSN 1527-1404.
- ↑ Kim, Kyung Soo; Lockley, Martin G.; Lim, Jong Deock; Buckley, Lisa; Xing, Lida (1 November 2016). "Small scale scrapes suggest avian display behavior by diminutive Cretaceous theropods". Cretaceous Research. 66: 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.04.019.
- ↑ Paik, In Sung; Kim, Hyun Joo; Huh, Min (9 September 2010). "Impressions of dinosaur skin from the Cretaceous Haman Formation in Korea". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 39 (4): 270–274. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.02.015.
- ↑ Paik, In Sung; Kim, Hyun Joo; Lee, Hoil; Kim, Seongyeong (27 November 2017). "A large and distinct skin impression on the cast of a sauropod dinosaur footprint from Early Cretaceous floodplain deposits, Korea". Scientific Reports. 7 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-017-16576-y. PMC 5703924.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Kim, Jeong Yul; Huh, Min (2018). Dinosaurs, Birds, and Pterosaurs of Korea: A Paradise of Mesozoic Vertebrates (PDF). Springer Nature. ISBN 978-981-10-6998-7.
- 1 2 Lockley, M.; Harris, J.D.; and Mitchell, L. 2008. "A global overview of pterosaur ichnology: tracksite distribution in space and time." Zitteliana. B28. p. 187-198. ISSN 1612-4138.
- ↑ Kim, Kyung Soo; Lockley, Martin G.; Lim, Jong Deock; Pinuela, Laura; Xing, Lida; Moon, Hae Won (2017). "First report of lacertiform (lizard) tracks from the Cretaceous of Asia". Cretaceous Research. 69: 62–70. Bibcode:2017CrRes..69...62K. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.08.013.
- ↑ Kim, Bong Kyun (December 1969). "A study of several sole marks in the Haman Formation". Journal of the Geological Society of Korea. 5 (4): 243–258.
- ↑ Yoon, Han Sang; Lee, Yuong-Nam; Jung, Seung-Ho; Kong, Dal-Yong; Kim, Su-Hwan; Son, Minyoung (2021). "A juvenile ornithopod-dominated tracksite from the Lower Cretaceous Haman Formation, South Korea" (PDF). Cretaceous Research. 125 104877. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104877.
- ↑ Lockley, Martin G.; Kim, J.-Y.; Kim, K.-S.; Kim, S.-H.; Matsukawa, M.; Rihui, L.; Jianjun, L.; Yang, S.-Y. (2008). "Minisauripus―the track of a diminutive dinosaur from the Cretaceous of China and South Korea: implications for stratigraphic correlation and theropod foot morphodynamics". Cretaceous Research. 29 (1): 115–130. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2007.04.003.
- ↑ Xing, Lida; Díaz-Martínez, Ignacio; Lallensack, Jens N.; Kim, Kyung Soo; Buckley, Lisa G.; Romilio, Anthony; Piñuela, Laura; Wang, Donghao; Chen, Qiyan; Yang, Qing; Chou, Chunyong; Yin, Hang; Jin, Yufei (2025). "Cretaceous vertebrate tracks". Vertebrate Ichnology: 479–747. doi:10.1016/B978-0-443-13837-9.00002-0.
- ↑ Sennikov, Andrey Gerasimovich (December 2021). "The Plantigrade Segnosaurians: Sloth Dinosaurs or Bear Dinosaurs?". Paleontological Journal. 55 (10): 1158–1185. doi:10.1134/S0031030121100087.
- ↑ Kim, Kyung Soo; Lockley, Martin G.; Lim, Jong Deock; Bae, Seul Mi; Romilio, Anthony (2020-06-11). "Trackway evidence for large bipedal crocodylomorphs from the Cretaceous of Korea". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 8680. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.8680K. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-66008-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7289791. PMID 32528068.
- ↑ Lockley, Martin G.; Kim, Sam Hyang; Kim, Kyung Soo; Bae, Seul Mi; Kim, Jeong Yul; Xing, Lida (2 December 2022). "A high-density Grallator assemblage from the Haman Formation (Cretaceous), Korea: implications for Cretaceous distribution of grallatorids in east Asia". Historical Biology. 34 (12): 2430–2438. Bibcode:2022HBio...34.2430L. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.2018687.