Hatran inscriptions
Aramaic inscriptions from the ancient city of Hatra
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Hatran inscriptions are a corpus of Aramaic inscriptions discovered primarily at the ancient city of Hatra in northern Iraq. The texts date mainly from the 1st–3rd centuries CE and are written in the Hatran Aramaic dialect using the distinctive Hatran script. The inscriptions constitute one of the most important sources for the language, religion, and political organization of the semi-independent kingdom of Hatra during the Parthian and early Sasanian periods.
More than 450 inscriptions and graffiti are known, mostly carved on stone monuments within the sacred precincts of Hatra, as well as at nearby sites such as Assur and elsewhere in northern Mesopotamia. [1]
Together with the inscriptions of Palmyra, Nabataea, and Edessa, the Hatran texts form one of the main corpora of Aramaic epigraphy from the Roman and Parthian Near East.
The inscriptions are typically short and formulaic, and include building inscriptions, statue dedications, religious dedications, funerary texts and legal regulations concerning temples and property. Many of the inscriptions are preserved in the Mosul Museum and the Iraq Museum.
Corpora
The first published inscription is today known as KAI 257. It was found in 1937 during excavations at the Temple of Atargatis and Hadad in Dura-Europos (Salhije); its script style and language correspond to the rest of the Hatra inscriptions.[2]
The first set of inscriptions from Hatra was published by Fuad Safar in the journal Sumer, beginning in 1951. They numbered sequentially as excavation finds, and this numbering system has since been extended by later scholars as the H-number.[3][4] The table below shows a concordance with those inscriptions which were also mentioned in significant corpora of Aramaic inscriptions.
| H number | Image | TSSI[5] | KAI | Description | No. lines |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 237 | Wall of Room 5 in the B-LSMJN Temple | 3 | ||
| 4 | 238 | Statue of the goddess Nanaya | 9 | ||
| 5 | 239 | Marble statue | 4 | ||
| 13 | 240 | Marble altar | 3 | ||
| 16 | 241 | In the south of the temple | 2 | ||
| 20 | 242 | Statue on the east wall of the temple | 5 | ||
| 21 | 243 | Marble statue | 2 | ||
| 23 | 67 | 244 | Memorial Prayer from a Temple; east wall of the temple | 5 | |
| 24 | 245 | East wall of the temple | 4 | ||
| 25 | 246 | North wall of the temple | 3 | ||
| 29 | 80 | 247 | On Not Wearing Shoes in a Temple; Outer palace sanctuary No. 4 | 6 | |
| 30 | 72 | 248 | Statue of Woman with a Curse on Those Who Killed Her | 10-12 | |
| 34 | 74 | “For the Life of …” Dedication | 8 | ||
| 35 | 75 | “For the Life of …” Dedication | 8 | ||
| 35 | 249 | Statue of a woman | 8 | ||
| 36 | 250 | Marble statue | 6 | ||
| 52 | 251 | Graffito in palace sanctuary No. 3 | 5 | ||
| 60 | 252 | Lintel of palace sanctuary No. 9 | 1 | ||
| 62 | 253 | Marble tablet from palace sanctuary No. 9 | 3 | ||
| 67 | 254 | Threshold in palace sanctuary No. 10 | 1 | ||
| 71 | 255 | Alabaster base in palace sanctuary No. 10 | 1 | ||
| 74 | 68 | 256 | Temple Dedication; Marble slab from the tiles of the southern portico in the central palace sanctuary | 8 | |
| 79 | 70 | Royal Statue Dedication | 1+14 | ||
| 107 |  |
64 | Building Inscription | 8 | |
| 139 | 73 | Dedication for the Life of the King | 4 | ||
| 232 | 69 | Altar Inscription | 22 | ||
| 272 | 65 | Building Inscription Dated 138 CE | 3 | ||
| 281 | 76 | Employee Regulations | 12 | ||
| 342 | 78 | A Law Concerning Temple Slaves | 14 | ||
| 344 | 77 | A Temple Regulation | 13 | ||
| 408 | 66 | Building Inscription Dated 235 CE | 9 | ||
| 343, 336 |  |
79 | A Law on Theft | 9 | |
| 345, 353 | 71 | Royal Statue Dedication | 7 | ||
| - | 257 | Stone slab from the Atargatis–Hadad Temple in Dura-Europos | 4 |
Gallery - unidentified inscriptions
See also
Bibliography
Initial publications
Later studies
- A. Caquot, Semitica 4 (1951/52) 55–58; also Syria 29 (1952) 89–118; 30 (1953) 234–246.
- O. Krückmann, AfO 16 (1952) 141–148.
- A. Maricq, Syria 32 (1955) 273–288.
- J. Hoftijzer, JEOL 15 (1957/58) 124f.
- Vattioni, F. Le iscrizioni di Hatra.
- Beyer, Klaus (1998). Die aramäischen Inschriften aus Assur, Hatra und dem übrigen Ostmesopotamien: (datiert 44 v. Chr. bis 238 n. Chr.) (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 978-3-525-53645-2. Retrieved 2026-03-09.
- Beyer, Klaus (2013). "Die aramäischen Inschriften aus Assur, Hatra und dem übrigen Ostmesopotamien (datiert 44 v. Chr. bis 238 n. Chr.): Nachträge". Die Welt des Orients. 43 (1). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG): 25–62. ISSN 0043-2547. JSTOR 23608128. Retrieved 2026-03-09.
- Aggoula B., Inventaire des inscriptions hatréennes, Paris, 1991.
- Bertolino, Roberto (1995). La cronologia di Hatra: interazione di archeologia e di epigrafia (in Italian). Istituto universitario orientale. Retrieved 2026-03-09.
- Bucci, Ilaria; de Hoz, María-Paz; Kaizer, Ted; Moriggi, Marco (2025-10-27). "THE FIRST KNOWN INSCRIPTION FROM HATRA IN GREEK AND HATRAN ARAMAIC: NEW INSIGHTS INTO SOCIOLINGUISTICS AND RELIGION AT THE CITY OF THE SUN". Iraq: 1–31. doi:10.1017/irq.2025.10038. ISSN 0021-0889. Retrieved 2026-03-09.