Shensuo
Proposed Chinese interstellar space probes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Shensuo (Chinese: 神梭; pinyin: Shénsuō), formerly Interstellar Express,[5] is a proposed Chinese National Space Administration program designed to explore the heliosphere and interstellar space.[2] The program will feature two or three space probes that were initially planned to be launched in 2024 and follow differing trajectories to encounter Jupiter to assist them out of the Solar System. The first probe, IHP-1, would have traveled toward the nose of the heliosphere, possibly performing a flyby of 50000 Quaoar on the way, while the second probe, IHP-2, will fly near to the tail, skimming by Neptune and Triton in January 2038.[6][1][7] There may be another probe—tentatively IHP-3—which would launch in 2030 to explore to the northern half of the heliosphere.[3][8]
| Mission type | Heliosphere science, planetary flyby |
|---|---|
| Operator | Chinese National Space Administration |
| Mission duration | 25 years (planned) |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | Proposed: TBD |
| Flyby of Earth (gravity assist) | |
| Closest approach | TBD [1] |
| Flyby of Earth (gravity assist) | |
| Closest approach | TBD [1] |
| Flyby of Jupiter | |
| Closest approach | TBD [1] |
| Flyby of 50000 Quaoar (proposed)[2] | |
| Closest approach | TBD |
| Distance | TBD |
| Mission type | Heliosphere science, planetary flyby |
|---|---|
| Operator | Chinese National Space Administration |
| Mission duration | 25 years (planned) |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | Proposed: May 2024[3][4] |
| Flyby of Earth (gravity assist) | |
| Closest approach | May 2027[1] |
| Flyby of Earth (gravity assist) | |
| Closest approach | March 2032[1] |
| Flyby of Jupiter | |
| Closest approach | May 2033[1] |
| Flyby of Neptune | |
| Closest approach | January 2038[1] |
| Distance | 1,000 km |
| Flyby of Triton | |
| Closest approach | January 2038[1] |
| Distance | TBD |
| Flyby of Kuiper belt object (TBD) | |
| Closest approach | TBD[1] |
| Distance | TBD |
History
The heliosphere and the interstellar medium have so far been explored by only three NASA probes: Voyager 1, Voyager 2, and New Horizons. Both Voyagers used gravity assists to take them out of the plane of the ecliptic: Voyager 1 to the north with Saturn in 1980, and Voyager 2 to the south with Neptune in 1989. New Horizons was designed to stay within the plane to allow for exploration of other Kuiper belt objects. However, none of these probes are exploring the tail of the heliosphere; Pioneer 10, which was headed toward the tail after its Jupiter flyby in 1973, lost contact with Earth in 2003. Later spacecraft which would remain within the Solar System, such as Cassini–Huygens, have gathered valuable data on the heliosphere and how it interacts with the interstellar medium, suggesting that the heliosphere is not shaped like a comet but is rather spherical.
Overview
Each probe is to weigh about 200 kilograms, to use radioisotope thermoelectric generators for power, and to carry 50 kilograms or more of scientific instruments such as optical cameras, magnetometers, dust detectors, and neutral atom and particle payloads.[3][2][1] They will also study anomalous cosmic rays, interplanetary dust, and the interstellar medium.[6] Depending on whether monopropellant or ion propulsion is used, the probes would be launched using either Long March 3B or Long March 5 rockets.[2][3] While IHP-1 and IHP-2 will use RTGs for power, IHP-3, if approved, would use a nuclear reactor.[3][8]
The dwarf planet Quaoar and its moon Weywot are currently being considered as potential flyby targets for IHP-1.[1][3] Centaur exploration has also been considered for both probes.[3][6]
While a 2024 launch date was targeted, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused some delays, which rendered it to launch at a later date. Future dates of 2026 launches have already been considered for IHP-2, and it is possible that IHP-1 could be moved to those as well.[9]
Scientific payload
The probes are proposed to carry the following suite of instruments:[10]
| Instrument | Dimension, range, resolution |
|---|---|
| Vector Atomic Magnetometer | Electromagnetic radiation: 8–70 000 nT; sensitive to 0.001–0.05 nT/Hz1/2, accurate to 0.005–3 nT |
| Plasma Analyzer | Plasma wave observations: 0.005–30 keV, resolution 8% |
| Pick-up Ion Analyzer | Ion counter: 0.002–40 keV/e, energy resolution 5%; mass resolution of H+, He+, He2+, N+, O+, Ne+ |
| High Energy Particle Analyzer | Ionization analysis: Protons, 7–300 MeV Electrons, 200 keV – 10 MeV Heavy ions, 10 – 300 MeV/n |
| Energetic Particle Analyzer | Ionization analysis: Protons, 20 keV – 7 MeV Electrons, 20 keV – 400 keV Heavy ions, 0.5 – 20 MeV/n |
| Energetic Neutral Atom Analyzer | Images emission of energetic neutral atoms; ~1–100 keV H |
| Dust Particle Analyzer | Dust analysis: 400 cm2 area, 10−17–10−9 kg range, 1 – 103 km/s impact, 10−16–10−13 charge |
| Camera | Narrow-angle: 1200mm focal length, 150mm aperture; 0.78°×1.05° FOV, 40–1000 nm wavelength, 6–8 spectra channels. Mid-angle: 150mm focal length, 37.5mm aperture, 6.28°x8.34° FOV, 460–1000 nm wavelength, 6–8 spectra channels. Wide-angle (4x); 38mm focal length, 20mm aperture, 30°×23.4° FOV, 600–1000 nm wavelength. |
| UV photometer | Ultraviolet mapping: 121.6 nm, 58.4 nm wavelength, 4°x4° FOV. |
| Infrared spectrometer | Infrared mapping:1–16 μm spectrum range, 9 cm−1 spectrum resolution, 0.5° FOV |
Trajectory
The goal of the spacecraft is to have travelled a total of 100 astronomical units by 2049, which is the centennial celebration of the People's Republic of China's founding.[2][1]
If IHP-1 would have been launched in May 2024, then it was planned to return to Earth in October 2025 for a gravity assist, then loop back in December 2027 for yet another gravity assist before flying by Jupiter in March 2029 to proceed on a trajectory toward the nose of the heliosphere and potentially make observations of centaurs or Kuiper belt objects, including the flyby of Quaoar, along the way.[3]
IHP-2 is expected to launch before May 2026 and is proposed to receive two gravity assists from Earth in May 2027 and March 2032 respectively. A flyby of Jupiter in May 2033 is then proposed to send it on a path to fly by Neptune in January 2038 at only 1,000 kilometers above its cloud tops. The probe may also release an atmospheric impactor prior to the flyby.[2] After the flybys, the probe could visit a Kuiper belt object, and by 2049 the probe could have traveled 83 AU away from the Sun, heading toward the yet-unexplored tail of the heliosphere.
If IHP-2 launch combines with another planned Chinese interplanetary mission Tianwen-4, there may be a chance for comparative planetology in some form because IHP-2's proposed flyby of Neptune and Triton in 2038 and Tianwen-4's possible additional probe for Uranus flyby could also be in 2039, allowing for comparisons of similar planetary cohorts within short span of few years.[10] Earlier IHP-1's Quaoar flyby was also planned to occur in 2040.
Flyby targets
IHP-1
Earth (2x gravity assist)
Jupiter (flyby)
Quaoar and Weywot (flyby)
IHP-2
- Earth (2x gravity assist)
- Jupiter (flyby)
Neptune (flyby)
Triton (flyby)
See also
- Tianwen-4, a Chinese Jupiter orbiter to launch in 2029 that will include a component to fly by Uranus.
- Interstellar Probe, a concept by NASA to explore the heliosphere to be launched sometime in the 2030s.
- Voyager 1 and 2, probes by NASA designed to explore the outer planets that have since passed the boundary between the heliosphere and interstellar space.
- Trident, a concept by NASA to explore Neptune and Triton, which would have been launched in 2025 on a trajectory to reach Triton in mid-2038.
- Neptune Odyssey, a concept by NASA designed to orbit Neptune and Triton that may carry an atmospheric probe as part of its cargo.