Limnonectes
Genus of fork-tongued frogs
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Limnonectes is a genus of fork-tongued frogs of 91 known species, but new ones are still being described occasionally.[1][2] They are collectively known as fanged frogs because they tend to have unusually large teeth, which are small or absent in other frogs.
| Limnonectes | |
|---|---|
| |
| Fanged river frog (Limnonectes macrodon) | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Dicroglossidae |
| Subfamily: | Dicroglossinae |
| Genus: | Limnonectes Fitzinger, 1843 |
| Species | |
|
More than 90, see text | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Taylorana Dubois, 1986 | |
Habitat
These frogs are found throughout East and Southeast Asia, most commonly near forest streams. Multiple species of Limnonectes may occupy the same area in harmony.[3] Large-bodied species cluster around fast rivers, while smaller ones live among leaf-litter or on stream banks. The Indonesian island of Sulawesi is home to at least 15 species of this frog, only four of which have been formally described.[4]
Lifecycle
Tadpoles of this genus have adapted to a variety of conditions. Most species (e.g. Blyth's river frog L. blythii or the fanged river frog L. macrodon) develop normally, with free-swimming tadpoles that eat food.[5] The tadpoles of the corrugated frog (L. laticeps) are free-swimming but endotrophic, meaning they do not eat but live on stored yolk until metamorphosis into frogs.[5] Before, L. limborgi was assumed to have direct development (eggs hatching as tiny, full-formed frogs), but more careful observations have shown it has free-swimming but endotrophic larvae; this probably applies to the closely related L. hascheanus, too.[6] L. larvaepartus is the only known species of frog that gives live birth to tadpoles.[4] Parental care is performed by males.[3]
Species
- Limnonectes abanghamidi Matsui, 2024
- Limnonectes acanthi (Taylor, 1923)
- Limnonectes arathooni (Smith, 1927)
- Limnonectes asperatus (Inger, Boeadi & Taufik, 1996)
- Limnonectes bagoensis Köhler, Zwitzers, Than & Thammachoti, 2021
- Limnonectes bagoyoma Köhler, Zwitzer, Than & Thammachoti, 2021
- Limnonectes bannaensis Ye, Fei, Xie & Jiang, 2007
- Limnonectes barioensis Matsui & Nishikawa, 2024
- Limnonectes batulawensis Matsui, Nishikawa & Eto, 2024
- Limnonectes beloncioi Herr, Vallejos, Meneses, Abraham, Otterholt, Siler, Rico & Brown, 2021
- Limnonectes blythii (Boulenger, 1920)
- Limnonectes cassiopeia Herr, Som & Brown, 2024
- Limnonectes cintalubang Matsui, Nishikawa & Eto, 2014
- Limnonectes coffeatus Phimmachak, Sivongxay, Seateun, Yodthong, Rujirawan, Neang, Aowphol & Stuart, 2018
- Limnonectes conspicillatus (Günther, 1872)
- Limnonectes dabanus (Smith, 1922)
- Limnonectes dammermani (Mertens, 1929)
- Limnonectes deinodon Dehling, 2014
- Limnonectes diuatus (Brown & Alcala, 1977)
- Limnonectes doriae (Boulenger, 1887)
- Limnonectes fastigatus Stuart, Schoen, Nelson, Maher, Neang, Rowley & McLeod, 2020
- Limnonectes finchi (Inger, 1966)
- Limnonectes fragilis (Liu & Hu, 1973)
- Limnonectes fujianensis Ye & Fei, 1994
- Limnonectes ghoshi (Chanda, 1991)
- Limnonectes grunniens (Latreille, 1801)
- Limnonectes gyldenstolpei (Andersson, 1916)
- Limnonectes hascheanus (Stoliczka, 1870)
- Limnonectes heinrichi (Ahl, 1933)
- Limnonectes hikidai Matsui & Nishikawa, 2014
- Limnonectes ibanorum (Inger, 1964)
- Limnonectes ingeri (Kiew, 1978)
- Limnonectes isanensis McLeod, Kelly & Barley, 2012
- Limnonectes jarujini Matsui, Panha, Khonsue & Kuraishi, 2010
- Limnonectes kadarsani Iskandar, Boeadi & Sancoyo, 1996
- Limnonectes kenepaiensis (Inger, 1966)
- Limnonectes khammonensis (Smith, 1929)
- Limnonectes khasianus (Anderson, 1871)
- Limnonectes kiziriani Pham, Le, Ngo, Ziegler & Nguyen, 2018
- Limnonectes kohchangae (Smith, 1922)
- Limnonectes kong Dehling & Dehling, 2017
- Limnonectes kuhlii (Tschudi, 1838)
- Limnonectes lambirensis Matsui & Nishikawa, 2024
- Limnonectes lanjakensis Matsui & Nishikawa, 2024
- Limnonectes lanjakensis Matsui & Nishikawa, 2024
- Limnonectes larvaepartus Iskandar, Evans & McGuire, 2014
- Limnonectes lauhachindai Aowphol, Rujirawan, Taksinum, Chuaynkern & Stuart, 2015
- Limnonectes leporinus (Andersson, 1923)
- Limnonectes leytensis (Boettger, 1893)
- Limnonectes limborg (Sclater, 1892)
- Limnonectes longchuanensis Suwannapoom, Yuan, Sullivan & McLeod, 2016
- Limnonectes macrocephalus (Inger, 1954)
- Limnonectes macrodon (Duméril & Bibron, 1841)
- Limnonectes macrognathus (Boulenger, 1917)
- Limnonectes magnus (Stejneger, 1910)
- Limnonectes malesianus (Kiew, 1984)
- Limnonectes mawlyndipi (Chanda, 1990)
- Limnonectes megastomias McLeod, 2008
- Limnonectes micrixalus (Taylor, 1923)
- Limnonectes microdiscus (Boettger, 1892)
- Limnonectes microtympanum (Van Kampen, 1907)
- Limnonectes mocquardi Matsui, Dubois & Ohler, 2013
- Limnonectes modestus (Boulenger, 1882)
- Limnonectes namiyei (Stejneger, 1901)
- Limnonectes nguyenorum McLeod, Kurlbaum & Hoang, 2015
- Limnonectes nitidus (Smedley, 1932)
- Limnonectes paginatanensis Matsui, Niskikawa & Shimada, 2024
- Limnonectes palavanensis (Boulenger, 1894)
- Limnonectes paramacrodon (Inger, 1966)
- Limnonectes parvus (Taylor, 1920)
- Limnonectes paulyambuni Matsui, Nishikawa & Shimada, 2024
- Limnonectes penerisanensis Matsui, Niskikawa & Shimada, 2024
- Limnonectes phuyenensis Pham, Do, Le, Ngo, Nguyen, Ziegler & Nguyen, 2020
- Limnonectes phyllofolia Frederick, Iskandar, Riyanto, Hamidy, Reilly, Stubbs, Bloch, Bach & McGuire, 2023
- Limnonectes plicatellus (Stoliczka, 1873)
- Limnonectes poilani (Bourret, 1942)
- Limnonectes pseudodoriae Yodthong, Rujirawan, Stuart & Aowphol, 2021
- Limnonectes quangninhensis Pham, Le, Nguyen, Ziegler, Wu & Nguyen, 2017
- Limnonectes savan Phimmachak, Richards, Sivongxay, Seateun, Chuaynkern, Makchai, Som & Stuart, 2019
- Limnonectes selatan Matsui, Belabut & Ahmad, 2014
- Limnonectes separatus Matsui, Nishikawa & Shimada, 2024
- Limnonectes shompenorum Das, 1996
- Limnonectes sinuatodorsalis Matsui, 2015
- Limnonectes sisikdagu McLeod, Horner, Husted, Barley & Iskandar, 2011
- Limnonectes tawauensis Matsui, Nishikawa & Shimada. 2024
- Limnonectes tayloriMatsui, Panha, Khonsue & Kuraishi, 2010
- Limnonectes timorensis (Smith, 1927)
- Limnonectes tweediei (Smith, 1935)
- Limnonectes utara Matsui, Belabut & Ahmad, 2014
- Limnonectes visayanus (Inger, 1954)
- Limnonectes woodworthi (Taylor, 1923)
Phylogeny
Pyron & Wiens (2011)
The following phylogeny of Limnonectes is from Pyron & Wiens (2011).[7] 35 species are included. Limnonectes is a sister group of Nanorana.[7]
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Aowphol, et al. (2015)
The following Limnonectes phylogeny is from Aowphol, et al. (2015).[8] 20 species are included.
| Limnonectes |
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McLeod, et al. (2015)
Below is a phylogeny of species within the L. kuhlii species complex (McLeod, et al. 2015).[9] Limnonectes longchuanensis, Limnonectes hikidai, and Limnonectes cintalubang[10] are also part of the L. kuhlii species complex.
