List of republics

History of governments with elected representatives From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of republics. For antiquity (or later in the case of societies that did not refer to modern terminology to qualify their form of government) the assessment of whether a state organisation is a republic is based on retrospective analysis by historians and political theorists. For more recent systems of government, worldwide organisations with a broad political acceptance (such as the United Nations), can provide information on whether or not a sovereign state is referred to as a republic.

List by period

Antiquity

More information State, Dates of existence (BCE) ...
State Dates of existence (BCE) Notes
Ancient Carthage c. 7th/6th century –146 Greek sources may have misunderstood Carthage’s political system, mistaking its leaders for kings when it was actually governed by a council of nobles (Shophets).[1] The legend of Queen Dido likely served to legitimize this non-monarchical system.[2] During the 6th century BC, Carthage experienced political upheaval marked by the revolt of a shophet/general named Malchus, signaling the city’s transition from monarchy to an oligarchic republic.[3] Inscriptions from this period suggest that aristocratic rule had become firmly established by the late 7th or mid 6th century BC.[4][3]
Mahajanapadas[5] c. 7th/6th century – c. 345 Sixteen kingdoms or oligarchic republics that existed in ancient India from the sixth to fourth centuries BCE, during the second urbanisation period.
Licchavikas[6][7] c. 7th/6th century – c. 468 The leading confederate tribe of the Vajjika League Mahajanapada; the city of Vesālī was the republic's capital.[6][7]
Vaidehas[6][8] c. 7th/6th century – c. 468 One of the confederate tribes of the Vajjika League Mahajanapada; the city of Mithilā was the republic's capital.[6][8]
Nāyas[6][9] c. 7th/6th century – c. 468 One of the confederate tribes of the Vajjika League Mahajanapada; the city of Kuṇḍagāma was the republic's capital.[6][9]
Mallakas[6][10] c. 7th/6th century – c. 468 One of the confederate tribes of the Vajjika League Mahajanapada; the Mallakas were divided into two republics with the cities of Kusinārā and Pāvā as their respective capitals.[6][10]
Sakyas[11] c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th century
Koliyas[12] c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th century
Moriyas[13] c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th century
Bulayas[14] c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th century
Bhaggas[15] c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th/4th century
Kālāmas[16] c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th/4th century
Roman Republic 509–27
Classical Athens 508–322 Various Greek city-states under Classical Athenian influence; these loyalties and governments changed frequently (see synoecisms), and in some instances were even under the influence of Sparta without succumbing to oligarchy.
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Middle Ages

More information State, Dates of existence (CE) ...
State Dates of existence (CE) System of government
Khersonite State[citation needed] 422 BCE – 1299 CE Democracy
San Marino Republic of San Marino since 301, constitutional since 1600 Directorial Republic
Monemvasía State 588–1252
Qarmatians 899–1067 Theocracy
Gotland ?–1285 Thing (Assembly)
Frisian freedom(Upstalsboom League), c. 12th century–15th century peasant republic
Icelandic Commonwealth 930–1262
Couto Misto c. 1000 – 1868
Taifa of Córdoba 1031–1070
Republic of Florence 1115–1537
Republic of Siena 1125–1557
Novgorod Republic 1136–1478[17]
Commune of Rome 1144–1193
Most Serene Republic of Lucca 1160–1805
Haudenosaunee c. 13th century–1794
Republic of Massa 1225–1336
Republic of Sassari 1275–1323
Old Swiss Confederacy 1291–1798
Republic of Poljica 1322–1806
Republic of Senarica 1343–1797
Pskov Republic 1348–1510
Dithmarschen c. 1400 – 1559
Republic of Cospaia 1440–1826
Golden Ambrosian Republic 1447–1450
Most Serene Republic of Venice 697–1797 merchant republic
Republic of Gaeta 839–1140 merchant republic
Republic of Amalfi 839–1131 merchant republic
Bajjāna 886–922 merchant republic
Republic of Ancona c. 1000 – 1532 merchant republic
Republic of Pisa c. 1000 – 1406, 1494–1509 merchant republic
Most Serene Republic of Genoa c. 1100 – 1797 merchant republic
Republic of Noli 1192–1797 merchant republic
Republic of Ragusa 1358–1808 merchant republic
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Free imperial cities

A free imperial city was a self-ruling city member of the Holy Roman Empire that was represented in the Imperial Diet.

Early modernity

Sister republics

A sister republic was a client state of France established by French armies or by local revolutionaries and assisted by the French First Republic during the French Revolutionary Wars.

Modernity

19th century

Africa
See also: Boer Republics
North America
South America
Asia
Europe
Oceania

20th century

Africa

America

Asia

Europe

Oceania

21st century and later

List by type

In modern usage, a republican system of government is loosely applied to any state which claims this designation.[23] For example, the Dominican Republic under Rafael Trujillo is considered a republic, as is the Republic of Iraq under Saddam Hussein.

Arab republics

Confederal republics

Confederal republics are associations of sovereign states, usually having power over critical common issues such as defense and foreign policy:

Crowned republics

A crowned republic, is a form of constitutional monarchy where the monarch's role is commonly seen as largely ceremonial and where all the royal prerogatives are prescribed by custom and law in such a way that the monarch has limited discretion over governmental and constitutional issues.

Democratic republics

Main article: Democratic republic

Democratic republics are usually socialist states, although not all of them are necessarily socialist.

Federal republics

Main article: Federal republic

Federal republics are federal states in which the administrative divisions (states or provinces) theoretically retain a degree of autonomy which is constitutionally protected, and cannot be revoked unilaterally by the national government. Federal republics are not unitary states.

Islamic republics

Republics governed in accordance with Islamic law:

People's republics

Main article: People's republic

People's republics are said to be governed by the people. The name is most often (but not always) used by communist states.

Current people's republics

Former people's republics

Socialist republics

These are republics that use the word "socialist" in their official name.

Unitary republics

Unitary republics are unitary states which are governed constitutionally as one single unit, with a single constitutionally created legislature. Unitary states are not federations or confederations.

Republics of Russia

See also: Republics of Russia

Disputed separatist republics

See also

References

Sources

External links

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