Mandobo language
Papuan language spoken in Indonesia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mandobo, or Kaeti, is a Papuan language of Mandobo District in Boven Digoel Regency and Ulilin District in Merauke Regency, South Papua, Indonesia.
NativetoIndonesia
RegionBoven Digoel Regency and Merauke Regency, South Papua
Native speakers
30,000 (2002)[1]| Mandobo | |
|---|---|
| Dumut | |
| Kaeti | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Boven Digoel Regency and Merauke Regency, South Papua |
Native speakers | 30,000 (2002)[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:bwp – Mandobo Bawahaax – Mandobo Atas |
| Glottolog | mand1473 |
Varieties
Ethnologue distinguishes two languages:
- Mandobo Bawah, spoken on the Lower Mandobo River
- Mandobo Atas, spoken on the Upper Mandobo River
However, according to its speaker Mandobo is divided to at least three languages and four dialects.[2]
- Upper Mandobo (Mountain Wambon) [aax]
- Kokenop/Kohonope
- Agayop
- Central Mandobo (Coastal Wambon)
- Ulugela/Lugerah/Iwammup/Kenerame
- Lower Mandobo (Lower Wambon) [bwp]
- Tekamerop/Thegamonok
Phonology
Evolution
Below are some Kaeti reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea proposed by Pawley (2012), drawn from McElhanon and Voorhoeve (1970).[4][5]
| proto-Trans-New Guinea | Kaeti |
|---|---|
| *maŋgat[a] ‘teeth, mouth’ | magot |
| *mVkVm ‘cheek’ | (a)moka (cf. Axu moxo pe) |
| *maŋgV ‘compact round object’ | (Axu mügo ‘egg’) |
| *amu ‘breast’ | am |
| *k(o,u)ma(n,ŋ)[V] ‘neck, nape’ | koman |
| *kumV- ‘die’ | kün (cf. Sawuy xom-, Wambon N. & Wambon S. kim-) |
| *mVkVm ‘cheek, jaw’ | (a)moka ‘cheek’ |
| *na ‘1SG’ | nø(p) |
| *ni, *nu ‘1PL free pron.’ | no-güp |
| *na- ‘eat’ | (Wambon en-) |
| *k(o,u)ma(n,ŋ)[V] ‘neck, nape’ | koman |
| *mb(i,u)t(i,u)C ‘fingernail’ | betit |
| *imbi ‘name’ | üp |
| *apa[pa]ta ‘butterfly’ | apap |
| *k(a,o)ndok[V] ‘foot, leg’ | kodok |
| *andu- ‘to cook’ | odu |
| *mb(i,u)t(i,u)C ‘fingernail’ | betit |
| *(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV ‘eye’ | (?) kerop |
| *(mb,p)ututu- ‘to fly’ | (?) bere(na) |
| *kumut, *tumuk ‘thunder’ | komöt |
| *maŋgat[a] ‘teeth, mouth’ | magot |
| *ŋga ‘2SG’ | gu |
| *maŋgat[a] ‘teeth, mouth’ | magot |
| *maŋgV ‘compact round object’ | (Axu mügo ‘egg’) |
| *ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’ | kere(top) |
| *k(a,o)ndok[V] ‘foot, leg’ | kodok |
| *ka(nd,t)apu ‘skin’ | kotae |
| *kumbutu ‘wind’ | kiow |
| *kin(i,u)- ‘sleep’ | kinum |
| *kumV- ‘die’ | kün |
| *k(o,u)ma(n,ŋ)[V] ‘neck’ | koman |
| *kuya ‘cassowary’ | (Sawuy kuye) |
| *kV(mb,p)(i,u)t(i,u) ‘head’ | (?) xebia(an) |
| *mVkVm ‘cheek’ | (a)moka (cf. Axu moxo pe) |
| *kutV(mb,p)(a,u)[C] ‘long’ | (?) guru(op) |
| *ok[V] ‘water’ | ok |
| *k(a,o)ndok[V] ‘foot’ | kodok |
Further reading
- Jang, Hong-Tae. 2003. Survey report on languages of southeastern foothills in Papua Merauke Regency of Papua, Indonesia. Manuscript.
- Lebold, Randy, Ronald Kriens and Yunita Susanto. 2013. A Report on the Bamgi, Kia, and Lower Digul River Language Survey in Papua, Indonesia. SIL International.