Miyoshi Nagayoshi

Rise to power

In 1539, the shogunate requested that Nagayoshi send troops to support Akamatsu Harumasa during his visit to Kyoto, and Nagayoshi's subordinate Miyoshi Tsunemori sent troops.^[12] In return, Nagayoshi asked to be appointed governor of the 17 manors of Kawachi Province (Kawachi jū nana-kasho) in June of the same year, and the shogunate agreed.^[c] Nagayoshi then led his army to enter Kyoto for the first time.^[1]

In April, Nagayoshi chose Masanaga, who was in seclusion in Tanba Province, to go into Kyoto at the will of Hosokawa Harumoto. On July 14, peace talks broke down, and Nagayoshi and Masanaga engaged in a small battle near Myōshin-ji Temple. On the 28th, Nagayoshi, fearing that he would make an enemy of daimyo clans like the Rokkaku and Takeda, accepted the peace agreement and retreated from Yamazaki. In the end, he was not given the magistrate position to control the 17 Manors. In August, he entered Koshimizu Castle in Settsu. Until then, the heads of the Miyoshi clan had always based themselves in Awa, and there were cases where they would retreat to Shikoku and try to make a comeback when they found themselves in political or military difficulties in the Kinai region, but after Nagayoshi entered the castle, he never returned to Awa province for the rest of his life, and instead established Settsu as his new base.^[13] After this, Nagayoshi became the deputy governor of Settsu Province and began serving the shogunate. Even as a lesser vassal, the political power of Nagayoshi had grown to the point that he could command the shogun himself to lead the armies from Settsu, Kawachi, Hokuriku, and Ōmi Province to Kyoto, posing a threat to his true superior, Harumoto.^[14][15][16]

Conflict against Harumoto and the Shogun

On December 15, 1540, Nagayoshi married the daughter of Hatano Hidetada, the lord of Yakami Castle.^[17] Later, around September 1541, Nagayoshi changed his name from Toshinaga to Norinaga, and in June of that year, Nagayoshi independently collected coin taxes from Tsuga Manor in Ubara County, which prompted a protest from Harumoto, since Harumoto had placed his close aide, Iwa Michisuke, in charge of collecting taxes. However, Nagayoshi ignored this, and proceeded with tax collection in Shimo District of Settsu Province (Toshima District, Southern Kawabe District, Muko District, Ubara District, and Yabe District). This led to the taxes being collected twice, as Nagayoshi and Michisuke collected tax separately, which deepened Nagayoshi's conflict with Harumoto. However, Nagayoshi, who by now controled Koshimizu Castle and Nishinomiya, the central city of Shimo District, gradually extended his power to the local lords and peasantry (Kokujin).^[18]

In 1541, Kizawa Nagamasa rebelled against Harumoto Hosokawa, travelled to Kyoto and pursued shogun Yoshiharu and Harumoto. The Shugodai (military governor) of Kawachi, Yusa Naganori, expelled Hatakeyama Masakuni, another Shugodai whom Nagamasa had supported, and welcomed his brother Hatakeyama Tanenaga, and declared his support for Nagayoshi. As a result, on March 17 1542, Nagamasa fought against Nagamasa at Taiheiji in an attempt to attack Kawachi Takaya Castle. Nagamasa was defeated and killed by Naganori, who had been joined by reinforcements from Masanaga and Nagayoshi.^[19][20][21] As a result of this battle, the Kizawa clan, which had been in power in the Kinai region for the past ten years, fell, and the Nagayoshi's power increased even further.^[22] Nagayoshi also appointed Matsunaga Hisahide as commander of the Miyoshi army in the southern part of Yamashiro Province to subjugate the remnants of opposing forces in Yamato who were still struggling after the subjugation of Kizawa Nagamasa.^[23][24] In 1544, Wada Shingorō, Nagayoshi's vassal, was brutally executed due to accusations of adultery by being sawed alive, it is speculated that Yoshiharu and Harumoto orchestrated this to ruin Nagayoshi's reputation.^[25]

On July 21 1547, in a battle at Shariji against Hosokawa Harumoto,^[26] an account from the Ashikaga Kiseiki chronicle states that Nagayoshi emerged triumphant in battle against Harumoto, where 900 of his pike armed soldiers inflicted hundred of casualties on Harumoto's troops.^[27] After Shogun Yoshiharu's defeat, and Harumoto's return to Kyoto, Sadayori mediated peace between Nagayoshi and Yusa Naganori. Nagayoshi subsequently took Naganori's daughter as his second wife.^[28][29][30]

On Octer 12 1548, Nagayoshi asked Hosokawa Harumoto to pursue and kill Miyoshi Masanaga and his son, but his request was denied. So, on October 28, he joined forces with his former enemies, Hosokawa Ujitsuna and Yusa Naganori, and rebelled against Harumoto, sending troops to the 17 Manors of Kawachi, and besieging Enokami Castle, where Miyoshi Masakatsu was holed up. Nagayoshi's actions were dubbed the "Miyoshi Chikuzen no Kami (Nagayoshi) Treason" by Rokkaku Sadayori, who was allied to Harumoto.^[31] This conflict caused political turmoil in Kyoto as it also forced shogun Ashikaga Yoshiharu, who had returned to Kyoto just 2 years prior, to once again flee the city.^[6][d]

In February 1549, Nagayoshi defeated the alliance of Hosokawa Harumoto, Miyoshi Masakatsu, and the Rokkaku clan, forcing them to retreat. Harumoto fled to Sakamoto in Omi Province with Ashikaga Yoshiharu and Yoshiteru. Nagayoshi supported Hosokawa Ujitsuna instead of Harumoto, and entered Kyoto on July 9. Six days later, on the 15th, he left Ujitsuna behind and returned to Settsu, where one of Harumoto's supporters, Itami Chikaoki, was.^[33][34][35] On June 24, Nagayoshi defeated Masanaga at the Battle of Eguchi in Settsu.^[36][37] This put Harumoto, who supported Masanaga, in a bad position, and Ashikaga Yoshiteru and Yoshiharu, accompanied by Harumoto, escaped from Kyoto along with Konoe Tanei and Kuga Harumichi on the 28th, seeking refuge in Omi Sakamoto, relying on Rokkaku Sadayori.^[37][36][38] On the 15th, Nagayoshi left Ujitsuna behind and returned to Settsu, where Itami Chikaoki was staying.^[33][34][35]

In March 1550, he captured the castle with the help of Yusa Naganori, and pacified Settsu Province.^[33][34][35] On November 21, Nagayoshi besieged Nagao Castle which was held by loyalists of Ashikaga Yoshiteru. The conflict progressed to small scale urban warfare.^[39] In late December, Nagayoshi finally took the castle, which was the last stronghold of the forces of Yoshiteru.^[1] This effectively led to the collapse of the Hosokawa government, and the creation of the "Miyoshi clan government".^[33][34][35]

Miyoshi clan domination

In March 1551, Nagayoshi faced two failed assassination attempts, planned by Yoshiteru. Later, On the night of March 7, Nagayoshi invited Ise Sadayoshi to the Kisshoin camp for a drinking party, and an arson incident occurred in attempt to harm Nagayoshi. On the 14th day of the same month, Nagayoshi was invited to the Ise residence and was attacked by a shogunate official, Shinji Kenko, and injured. The next morning, Miyoshi Masakatsu and Kozai Motonari, both working for Harumoto, set fire to the Higashiyama area.^[40] On May 5, Nagayoshi's ally and his wife's adoptive father, Yusa Naganori, was assassinated by the Jishu monk Shuami, who he revered.^[41] On July 14, Nagayoshi sent a large army of 40,000 soldiers gathered from Settsu, Awa, Izumi and other provinces under the command of Matsunaga Hisahide and his brother, Matsunaga Nagayori, to engage the army of Hosokawa Harumoto in the battle of Shokoku-ji Temple in Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto. After intense fighting that lasted until dawn of July 15, the Shokoku-ji Temple was set ablaze. As a result of this battle, Yoshiteru and Harumoto were unable to force their way into Kyoto, and Rokkaku Sadayori, who supported them, began peace negotiations.^{[42][43][44][45]}

In 1552, a peace agreement was reached on the condition that Ashikaga Yoshiteru would come to Kyoto. Yoshiteru arrived in Kyoto on January 28, and Nagayoshi came to Kyoto on February 26, where he was made a retainer of the Hosokawa clan, thus becoming a direct retainer of the shogunate instead of just a vassal of the Hosokawa clan. The shogunate was now headed by Yoshiteru, and Hosokawa Harumoto became Kanrei. However, the de facto power still rested with Nagayoshi.^[46][47][48]

In 1553, Nagayoshi worked to pacify his opposition such as the besieging of Mount Akutagawa Castle.^[49] However, On March 8, a conflict between Yoshiteru and Nagayoshi broke out as Yoshiteru captured Reizan Castle.^[50] On July 30, Yoshiteru personally took command of the troops.^[51] Despite the Shogun's presence, Harumoto's generals, fearing the loss of their troops, made no attempt to attack.^[52] On the Miyoshi side, the forces of Imamura Yoshimitsu attacked Ryozen Castle.^[51] After the fall of Ryozen Castle, Yoshiteru fled from Kyoto and lived in seclusion in Kutsuki for the next five years.^[49] In response to this, Nagayoshi announced an ultimatum that any nobles or samurai clans who decide to follow Yoshiteru will have their domains confiscated. This ultimatum led many to abandon Yoshiteru until only about 40 followers left to accompany him in Kutsuki.^[53][54][55] Meanwhile, after Akutagawa Magojuro's downfall, Nagayoshi moved into the Castle of Mount Akutagawa and made it his residence. While Koshimizu Castle was the political base of Shimogori, Akutagawa Castle had risen from a political base of Kamigori in Settsu to a central government of the Kinai region for the Hosokawa government during the reign of Takakuni and Harumoto, and Nagayoshi took over as its base.^[49] Later, Nagayoshi also negotiated with the Imperial Court and repaired the earthwalls of the Akutagawa castle, which followed with, the Miyoshi army was active in military activities, with the Matsunaga brothers dispatching troops to Tanba Province.^[56][57][58]

In 1554, the Miyoshi clan dispatched troops to Harima.^[56][57][58]

In June 1558, Yoshiteru, alongside Hosokawa Harumoto, Mitoshi Masakatsu, and Kozai Motonari, moved to recapture Kyoto. This led to a confrontation with Miyoshi forces at Shogunyama Castle, and the subsequent Battle of Kitashirakawa. The Miyoshi gained the advantage when Miyoshi Yasunaga, Miyoshi Sanekyu, Ataka Fuyuyasu, and Togawa Kazutoshi arrived, crossing the sea to Settsu. Rokkaku Yoshikata, realizing that he could not save Yoshiteru, attempted to make peace.^[43] Later, Nagayoshi once again banished Yoshiteru from Kyoto.^[2] On November 30, after the assassination of Yusa Naganori, Yasumi Munefusa (Naomasa), the new shugodai (military governor), banished Hatakeyama Takamasa to Kii Province. In response to this development, Nagayoshi ordered Matsunaga Hisahide to march to Izumi Province on May 29, 1559, but he was defeated by Yasumi's Negoro-shu, and Hisahide retreated to Settsu Province. Nagayoshi joined Hisahide and advanced to Kawachi on June 26 with an army of 20,000. On August 1, he took Takaya Castle, and on August 4, he took Iimoriyama Castle, restoring Takamasa as Kawachi shugo. He banished Munefusa to Yamato Province and appointed Yukawa Naomitsu, who had been in league with him, as shugodai. Hisahide also marched to Yamato on the pretext of pursuing Munefusa, and began his conquest of Yamato from Shigisan Castle, near the border between Kawachi and Yamato.^[59][60][61]

In 1560, Nagayoshi moved from Akutagawayama Castle to Iimoriyama Castle. He handed over Akutagawayama Castle to his son, Yoshinaga (Yoshioki).^[62][e][f]

On March 30, 1561, he welcomed Yoshiteru to his residence as Shogun, and on May 6, at Yoshiteru's recommendation, he made peace with Hosokawa Harumoto and welcomed him to Fumon-ji Temple in Settsu. His eldest son, Yoshioki, was also promoted to Junior Fourth Rank and a member of the "Gosoubanshu" that same year, and the preferential treatment of the Miyoshi family by the shogunate and imperial court continued. By this year, Nagayoshi's sphere of influence had expanded to 10 provinces, including Kawachi and Yamato, in addition to the eight provinces mentioned above, and he had also strengthened his control over two counties in eastern Iyo Province and southern Yamashiro. As a result, many daimyo, such as the Kono clan of Iyo Province, established friendly relations with Nagayoshi.^[65][66][67] During this year, Nagayoshi also met with Jesuit missionary Vilela and issued Shogun's privilege patent for him.^[1]

Further conflicts & final years

The death of Togawa Kazumasa (Nagayoshi's younger bother) in April 1561 marked the beginning of Nagayoshi's decline.^[68] This weakened Izumi's control (Izumi Kishiwada Castle was a retainer castle). Taking the advantage of this gap in July, Hatakeyama Takamasa and Rokkaku Yoshikata, with Hosokawa Harumoto's second son Haruyuki as their leader, raised an army and attacked the Miyoshi clan from the north and south. This continued until March 5 1562, when Miyoshi Saneyasu was defeated and killed by Takamasa in the series of Battles of Kumeda.^{[69][70][71][72]}

Simultaneously, a military engagement occurred between Nagayoshi and Hatakeyama Takamasa in Kumeda, Izumi Province (Kishiwada City), where Nagayoshi's older brother, Miyoshi Saneyasu, was killed and Takaya Castle fell to the Takamasa army.^[73][74] In response, on March 6, Nagayoshi's eldest son, Yoshioki, and Matsunaga Hisahide evacuated Shogun Ashikaga Yoshiteru from Kyoto to Iwashimizu Hachimangū Shrine.^[73][74] On the next day, the Rokkaku forces entered Kyoto.^[75][74] Nagayoshi's younger brother, Ataka Fuyuyasu, barricaded himself in Kishiwada Castle in Izumi for a while, before retreating.^[76][74] Nagayoshi himself barricaded his forces in Imoriyama Castle, as Yasumi Munefusa and the Negoro-ji Temple sect rebels besieged him.^[77][74] On May 20, 1562, the Battle of Kyōkōji occurred between the Hatakeyama forces surrounding Imoriyama Castle and the forces of Miyoshi Yoshioki and Yasunaga. At some point during this battle, the Matsura clan forces assisting Hatakeyama collapsed, and a fire broke out at their camp. Seeing this, Nagayoshi's charged out from Imoriyama Castle and attacked the Hatakeyama from both sides, with Yukawa Naomitsu being the first death, and the soldiers from Kishu and Negoro-ji rebels being completely annihilated.^[78][79][80] In the end, Nagayoshi was victorious, which effectively eliminated the Hatakeyama clan's influence from Yamato and Minami Kawachi, and solidified Miyoshi clan control over both provinces.^[81]

In August 1563, Nagayoshi, who had just lost his only heir, adopted Togo Kazumasa's son, his nephew Shigeari (Yoshitsugu). Shigeari, who should have succeeded the Togo clan after Kazumasa's death, was chosen as the successor because his birth mother was the daughter of Kujo Tanemichi, the regent.^[82] In December, Nagayoshi suffered another setback, Hosokawa Harumoto died of an illness. Shortly thereafter, Hosokawa Ujitsuna, the nominal lord of the Miyoshi clan, also died of an illness, leaving the Miyoshi clan regime without a Kanrei official to serve as their puppet in Kyoto.^[83][84][85]

On May 9, 1564, Nagayoshi summoned his younger brother Ataka Fuyuyasu to his residence, Imoriyama Castle, and executed him. According to the chronical Ashikaga Kiseki he did this because he believed Matsunaga Hisahide's lie that Fuyuyasu wanted to usurp the leadership of the Miyoshi clan, but, due to the successive deaths of those around him, Nagayoshi had declined both physically and mentally. He regretted killing Fuyuyasu, and his illness only deteriorated further when he learned of Hisahide's lies.^[86][g] As a result, on June 22, Yoshitsugu, who had become the heir, went to Kyoto to inherit the family headship. Nagayoshi arrived at Iimoriyama Castle on the 23rd, and paid respects to Yoshiteru and the others. His illness appears to have become terminal by this time, and just 11 days later, on July 4 1564, Nagayoshi succumbed to his illness. He was 42 years old..^[89][90][91]

Following his death, Nagayoshi was succeeded by his adopted son, Miyoshi Yoshitsugu (the son of Sogō Kazunari, his younger brother). During his life, it has never been confirmed whether or not Nagayoshi ever took a concubine. He had only one child, Yoshioki, who is thought to have been born to his first wife.^[92]

Classical era evaluation

Historical evaluations of Miyoshi Nagayoshi tends to be fluctuates each periods change. There are references to Miyoshi Nagayoshi in books such as "Asakura Soteki Waki," "Koyo Gunkan," "Hojo Godaiki," and "Todai-ki.", which portray Nagayoshi in a favorable light, and "Hojo Godaiki" places him on the same level as warlords of the following Sengoku period such as Oda Nobunaga, Akechi Mitsuhide, and Toyotomi Hideyoshi.^[103]

However, mid-Edo period onwards were less generous to Nagayoshi as his image being denigrated. Historicities during this era began to relegate him as just a backdrop post-mortem character for the villainous and treacherous Matsunaga Hisahide, his top vassal.^[104] Furthermore, being compared to the so-called "Three Unifiers of Japan"(Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, & Tokugawa Ieyasu), Nagayoshi's existence in historical records gradually fell into obscurity, and he was not even mentioned in Tanaka Yoshinari's historical works of "Ashikaga Jidai-shi" and "Oda Jidai-shi".^[105] For long time, the prevailed opinions of Miyoshi Nagayoshi assessments tends to judge him as a mediocre ruler who allowed Matsunaga Hisahide to monopolize the central government. For example, Rai San'yō has portrayed Nagayoshi as "old", "sick", and "ignorant", in his works.^[103]

For early modern period, historian Amano Tadayuki has pointed out the comment of Ryōtarō Shiba in his work, "kaidōwoyuku" about Nagayoshi, that Shiba described him as following: "The Miyoshi clan had a refined lifestyle, but they lacked ambition" Tadayuki stated that this view of Shiba were, unfortunately, the general public's assessment of that time about Nagayoshi and the rule of Miyoshi clan,^[106] as historians argued that this bias also because the rich history materials of more popular clans such as Takeda clan, Hōjō clan, and Mōri clan, in comparison with the Miyoshi clan and their lords which only possessed very few historical documents about their clan,^[107] although documents issued by Nagayoshi's vassals, such as Okonogi Munekuni, remain in a fair number of places, mainly temples and shrines in Kyoto.^[108]

Furthermore, Nagayoshi was always compared to the "innovative" and "progressive style" of Oda Nobunaga reign, and is labeled as an old guard politician who is too conservative and cannot adapt to the rapid political changes and upheavals.^[3]

Modern historians evaluation

Modern history researchers reevaluate and challenged the negative and obscure assessments of Nagayoshi in Edo period,^[109] Furthermore, Amano also stated that such assessments of Nagayoshi's "weak character" were completely inappropriate, based on a lack of understanding of the common sense of the Sengoku (Warring states) period.^[110] Modern reevaluators such as Akira Imatani, Amano Tadayuki, or Yamada Yasuhiro published several books on the Miyoshi government and the final period of the Muromachi shogunate, which had close ties to it, has renewed the academic interests to research further about the topic of Nagayoshi and the Miyoshi clan reign before Nobunaga.^[3]

Thus, modern era Japanese historians recently concluded that Miyoshi Nagayoshi was actually a capable Sengoku period leader, with some kind of "proto-Nobunaga" characteristic as he implemented several policies which were though as innovative during his time.^{[109][111][112]} Like Oda Nobunaga, Nagayoshi had his eye on the economic power of Sakai, as the wealth of the city economy and lucrative trades of the city has allowed him to easily obtain huge military expenses and military supplies. Nagayoshi also had connections with local samurai in the Hosokawa domain area since his great-grandfather Miyoshi Yukinaga and his father Motonaga, and the military power of Shikoku, ruled by his capable younger brothers, especially the powerful navy, and the excellent personal talent of Nagayoshi added to the military power of the Miyoshi army at its peak. In addition, the Miyoshi family's sense of kinship had been strong since Awa was called Ogasawara, and therefore during the time of Nagayoshi, his younger brothers firm defense of Awa enabled him to advance into other regions.^[113]

In fact, the so-called Miyoshi Government (Miyoshi-seiken) that run by Nagayoshi from 1549 to 1568 which controlled the central government of both Imperial court and Shogunate was viewed by Amano as pioneer of a unified government that preceded the Nobunaga unification.^[4] The only difference was, while the Miyoshi government kept the existence of Shogunate administrations as their puppet and controlling the extents of ceremonial orders and bureaucracy from behind, Nobunaga was simply disband the Shogunate and replace them with his own administration.^[114] Regarding the rise of Miyoshi clan, Takahiro Babe has added his own assessment it was also due to the lack of traditional order of the central government which supposedly fill by the Hosokawa clan, which represent the old regime of the central government.^[115]