Mykhailo Starytsky

Mykhailo Starytsky was born on 14 December [O.S. 2 December] 1840 in the village of Klishchyntsi [uk], Poltava Governorate (present-day Cherkasy Oblast, Zolotonosha Raion)^[2] to Petro Starytsky (Ukrainian: Петро Старицький), a retired cavalry officer, and Anastasia Lysenko (Ukrainian: Анастасія Захарівна). Starytsky's mother was a member of the Lysenko (Лисенки [uk]) family, an old Ukrainian Cossack starshyna family.^[3]

Starytsky's father died in 1845 and his mother died in 1852, when Starytsky was 12 years old.^[2] Starytsky was subsequently raised by the Lysenko family alongside his maternal cousin Mykola Lysenko, with whom he became good friends.^[2] Starytsky was educated at a gymnasium in Poltava, Starytsky enjoyed reading works on military history and adventure stories. During that time he was especially influenced by the historical novel Black Council by Panteleimon Kulish. He also developed a fascination with theatre.^[3]

After finishing the gymnasium, Starytsky started his studies at Kharkiv University before transferring to Saint Volodymyr University in Kyiv.^[2] During his student years he participated in the activities of Kyiv Hromada together with Mykola Lysenko, Mykhailo Drahomanov and Volodymyr Antonovych. During the early 1860s he taught at Sunday schools and engaged in ethnographic research, which later became the base for a number of his works.^[3] However, Mykhailo was unable to finish studying due to illness and family issues.^[2]

After his marriage in 1863, Starytsky's financial state suffered a serious decline, and he was forced to support himself and his family by working at the archive of Kyiv University. This allowed him to gain access to valuable documents related to the history of Cossacks and Haidamaks, including the times of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, which influenced his literary activities.^[3]

In 1864 Starytsky and Lysenko started to work on their first opera Harkusha, based on a story by Oleksa Storozhenko.^[3] The play, although never finished, signified the beginning of cooperation between Starytskyi as librettist and Lysenko as composer. In 1874 their musical comedy Christmas Eve, based on a work by Nikolai Gogol, debuted at the Kyiv theatre, with Starytsky debuting as director.^[2] The play was panned by the Russian press for alleged "separatism" and led to an investigation against its authors.^[3] Despite pressure from the government, Starytsky started to organize a drama committee with the aim of organizing a professional Ukrainian theatre.^[2]

During the Russo-Turkish War Starytsky acquired a rusk factory and profited from supplying Russian troops, but failed to achieve much success in that business. His civic activities promoted the revival of Ukrainian national identity, but he avoided participation in radical political movements. Nevertheless, on one occasion Starytskys' Kyiv residence was searched by gendarmes in connection with the assassination of an officer by a revolutionary terrorist. The victim of the crime turned out to be a close friend of Starytsky from the time of his studies in gymnasium. Following that event Mykhailo and his wife had to leave Kyiv for two years.^[2]

Following the success of Marko Kropyvnytsky's troupe, which brought to fame the young actress Maria Zankovetska, Starytsky invested money from the sale of his country residence, house and factory into the creation of his own theatre. During 1883-1884 he employed Kropyvnytsky, Ivan Karpenko-Karyi, Mykola Sadovskyi, Maria Zankovetska, Panas Saksahanskyi and several other actors. The troupe performed in Kyiv and visited Odesa. Administrative requirements of the time demanded Ukrainian plays to be followed by Russian ones, but the latter were rarely profitable. Authorities eventually banned the performance of Ukrainian theatres in the General Governorate of Kyiv, Volyn and Podillia, and in 1885 the troupe split.^[2]

Starytsky was known for kind treatment of his actors: for instance, he refused to cut their loans in case of illness and inability to perform. After 10 years Starytsky's troupe went bankrupt. Despite the lack of funds and poor health, he returned to theatre business by cooperating with other troupes in Kyiv, organized performances and co-authored books together with his daughter Liudmyla, which allowed him to earn for a living.^[2]

Mykhailo Starytsky died on 27 April [O.S. 14 April] 1904 in Kyiv and was buried at the Baikove Cemetery.^[4]

In autumn 1862 Starytsky, an avid hunter, went duck hunting near his residence in the region of Poltava, and fell ill with pneumonia. During his illness he was cared for by his aunt and her daughter Sofiia Starytska [uk]. After recuperating, Mykola asked for permission to marry his cousin, who was at the time only 14 years old. The marriage was allowed only after a special permission from an archimandrite, which was granted after Sofia's birth certificate had been forged by giving her age as 16. Despite this fact, the young couple became a happy and harmonious family: Starytska shared Mykhailo's interest for theatre and literature and made friends in his social circle.^[2]

The marriage produced five children:^[2]

• Mariia – actress, director, pedagogue and organizer of theatre
• Liudmyla – writer, author of memoirs, activist of the Ukrainian revolution
• Oksana – children's writer and activist, married to Ivan Steshenko
• Yuriy – lawyer and activist in Kyiv, head of the Committee on Refugees at the Interior Ministry in 1917–1919
• Olha – died in her childhood as a result of illness

Starytsky and his wife were frequently absent from home due to their professional and civic commitments. When the family was still able to spend time together, Mykhailo enjoyed reading books for his wife and children, told stories, played music and accompanied it with singing. Between 1860 and early 1880s the family would spend the time from early spring to late autumn at their summer residence in Podillia, where Mykhailo enjoyed hunting. Autumn and winter were spent by them in Kyiv, where they usually rented a flat.^[2]

During his career Starytsky created over 30 works of drama, as well as a number of poetry collections and around 200 translations. Among others, he was the first author to translate Shakespeare's Hamlet into Ukrainian.^[2] Starytsky wrote librettos, songs, stories, dramas, and poems. Later in life, Starytsky worked with Lysenko, collecting Ukrainian folk songs and transforming them into plays and operas for which Starytsky wrote the librettos (including Taras Bulba, an adaptation of the novel by Gogol). He eventually switched from writing scripts for theatre to writing books. Starytsky is currently remembered for his work with Lysenko, as well as his later poetry and novels.^[5]

Chasing two Hares (1883)

Starytskyi is widely known for his 1883 comical play "Chasing two hares" (Ukrainian: За двома зайцями), which was created on the base of an 1875 comedy by Ivan Nechuy-Levytsky. A film adaptation of the play by Dovzhenko Film Studios premiered in 1961, becoming one of the most popular Ukrainian movies of the Soviet era.^[6] A monument to its heroes has been installed near Andriivskyi Descent in Kyiv, where main elements of the plot take place.^[7]

Other works

Series:^[3][4]

• Bohdan Khmelnytsky (Богдан Хмельницький):
  • Before the Storm (Перед бурею, 1897)
  • Storm (Буря)
  • At the Pier (У пристані)
• Mazepa's Youth (Молодість Мазепи) and The Ruin (Руїна)

Novels:^[3]

• The Last Eagles (Останні орли)

Short stories:^[3][4]

• The Red Devil (Червоний диявол)
• Siege of Busha (Облога Буші, 1894)
• Cursed Treasure (Заклятий скарб)

Dramas:^[3][4]

• Not Destined (Не судилось, 1883)
• Oh Hryts, Don't Go to Vechornytsi (Ой, не ходи, Грицю, та й на вечорниці, 1890)
• In Darkness (У темряві, 1893)
• Luck (Талан, 1894)
• Marusia Bohuslavka (Маруся Богуславка, 1899)
• Defence of Busha (Оборона Буші)

Opera:^[2]

• Christmas Eve (Різдвяна ніч) – as librettist

Poems:^[2][4]

• Songs and Dumas (З давнього зшитку. Пісні і думи, 1881–1883)
• Calling (Виклик), better known as What a Moonlit Night (Ніч яка, Господи, місячна, зоряна..., 1870)

Translations:^[4]

• Andersen's Tales (1873)
• Hamlet (1882)

Other publications:^[4]

• Serbian folk songs (1876)