Nuclear receptor coactivator 3
Protein found in humans
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The nuclear receptor coactivator 3 also known as NCOA3 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the NCOA3 gene.[5][6] NCOA3 is also frequently called 'amplified in breast 1' (AIB1), steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3), or thyroid hormone receptor activator molecule 1 (TRAM-1).
Function
NCOA3 is a transcriptional coactivator protein that contains several nuclear receptor interacting domains and an intrinsic histone acetyltransferase activity. NCOA3 is recruited to DNA promotion sites by ligand-activated nuclear receptors. NCOA3, in turn, acylates histones, which makes downstream DNA more accessible to transcription. Hence, NCOA3 assists nuclear receptors in the upregulation of gene expression.[7][8]
Clinical significance
The ratio of PAX2 to AIB-1 protein expression may be predictive of the effectiveness of tamoxifen in breast cancer treatment.[9][10]
Several molecular mechanisms implicate NCOA3 (AIB1) in the endocrine therapy resistance (depicted in the figure). Signaling pathways or mutations (i.e. HER2/neu overexpression, activating mutations in PIK3CA (PI3K), activating mutations in the proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src, etc.) that lead to persistent activation of ERK and/or PIK3CA/AKT kinase pathways result, in one hand in an enhanced AIB1 transcriptional coactivation capacity,[11] and in the other hand in the inhibition of the proteasome-dependent AIB1 turn-over and therefore, in AIB1 overexpression.[12] In both conditions, the equilibrium of estrogen receptor (ER) complex formation is displaced towards a transcriptionally active complex and thus, counteracting the inhibition caused by anti-estrogenic drugs such as tamoxifen or fulvestrant (selective estrogen receptor modulators). The result is the restoration of estrogen-sensitive gene transcription and the promotion of cancer progression and/or relapse.
Notably, tumors diagnosed with concomitant overexpression of AIB1 and HER2/neu have worse outcome with tamoxifen therapy than all other patients combined.[13] In addition, dormant tumor cells of luminal breast cancers treated with endocrine therapy may acquire with time, mutations that alter kinase signalling pathways and ultimately enhance AIB1 oncogenic functions. Also, estrogen receptor-PAX2 complexes repress HER2/neu expression, but loss of PAX2 expression may result in de novo HER2/neu expression and initiate endocrine therapy resistance and relapse.[14]
Interactions
Nuclear receptor coactivator 3 has been shown to interact with: