NDUFS3
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 3, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NDUFS3 gene on chromosome 11.[4][5] This gene encodes one of the iron-sulfur protein (IP) components of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I). Mutations in this gene are associated with Leigh syndrome resulting from mitochondrial complex I deficiency.[5]
| NDUFS3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Aliases | NDUFS3, CI-30, NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S3, MC1DN8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 603846; MGI: 1915599; HomoloGene: 3346; GeneCards: NDUFS3; OMA:NDUFS3 - orthologs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Structure
The NDUFS3 gene encodes a protein subunit consisting of 263 amino acids. This protein is synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported to the mitochondria via a signal peptide. Two mutations that occur in its highly conserved C-terminal region, T145I and R199W, are causally linked to Leigh syndrome and optic atrophy. Nonetheless, despite its crucial biological role, the human NDUFS3 remains structurally poorly understood.[6]
Function
This gene encodes one of the iron-sulfur protein (IP) components of complex I.[5] The 45-subunit NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) is the first enzyme complex in the electron transport chain of mitochondria.[5][7] As a catalytic subunit, NDUFS3 plays a vital role in the proper assembly of complex I and is recruited to the inner mitochondrial membrane to form an early assembly intermediate with NDUFS2.[7][8] It initiates the assembly of complex I in the mitochondrial matrix.[6]
Cleavage of NDUFS3 by GzmA has been observed to activate a programmed cell death pathway which results in mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. [9]
Clinical significance
Mutations in the NDUFS3 gene are associated with Mitochondrial Complex I Deficiency, which is autosomal recessive. This deficiency is the most common enzymatic defect of the oxidative phosphorylation disorders.[10][11] Mitochondrial complex I deficiency shows extreme genetic heterogeneity and can be caused by mutation in nuclear-encoded genes or in mitochondrial-encoded genes. There are no obvious genotype-phenotype correlations, and inference of the underlying basis from the clinical or biochemical presentation is difficult, if not impossible.[12] However, the majority of cases are caused by mutations in nuclear-encoded genes.[13][14] It causes a wide range of clinical disorders, ranging from lethal neonatal disease to adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders. Phenotypes include macrocephaly with progressive leukodystrophy, nonspecific encephalopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, myopathy, liver disease, Leigh syndrome, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, and some forms of Parkinson disease.[15]
NDUFS3 has also been implicated in breast cancer and ductal carcinoma and, thus, may serve as a novel biomarker for tracking cancer progression and invasiveness.[7]