Portal:Puerto Rico

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Puerto Rico (abbreviated PR), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, is a self-governing Caribbean archipelago and island organized as an unincorporated territory of the United States under the designation of commonwealth. Located between the Dominican Republic in the Greater Antilles and the U.S. Virgin Islands in the Lesser Antilles about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) southeast of Miami, Florida, it consists of the eponymous main island and numerous smaller islands, including Vieques, Culebra, and Mona. With approximately 3.2 million people, it is divided into 78 municipalities, of which the most populous is the capital municipality of San Juan, followed by those within the San Juan metropolitan area. Spanish and English are the official languages of the government, though Spanish predominates.

Puerto Rico was settled by a succession of Indigenous peoples of the Americas beginning 2,000 to 4,000 years ago; these included the Ortoiroid, Saladoid, and Taíno. It was claimed by Spain following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1493 and subsequently colonized by Juan Ponce de León in 1508. Puerto Rico was contested by other European powers into the 18th century but remained a Spanish possession for the next 400 years. The decline of the Indigenous population, followed by an influx of Spanish settlers—primarily from the Canary Islands and Andalusia—and African slaves vastly changed the cultural and demographic landscape. Within the Spanish Empire, Puerto Rico played a strategically significant role. By the late 19th century, a distinct Puerto Rican identity began to emerge, centered on a fusion of European, African, and Indigenous elements. In 1898, following the Spanish–American War, Puerto Rico was acquired by the United States.

Puerto Ricans have been U.S. citizens since 1917 and can move freely between the archipelago and the U.S. Residents of Puerto Rico are disenfranchised from federal elections and pay federal taxes and Puerto Rico income taxes; most are exempt from federal income tax on personal income earned in Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico sends a nonvoting representative to the U.S. Congress, called a resident commissioner, and participates in presidential primaries; as it is not a state, Puerto Rico does not have a vote in the U.S. Congress, which oversees it under the Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950. Congress approved a territorial constitution in 1952, allowing residents to elect a governor in addition to a senate and house of representatives. The political status of Puerto Rico is an ongoing debate.

Beginning in the mid-20th century, the U.S. government, together with the Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company, launched a series of economic projects to develop Puerto Rico into an industrial high-income economy. It is classified by the International Monetary Fund as a developed jurisdiction. It ranks 47th on the Human Development Index. The major sectors of the economy are manufacturing, primarily pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, and electronics, followed by services, namely tourism and hospitality. (Full article...)

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Entries here consist of Good and Featured articles, which meet a core set of high editorial standards.

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Dicen Que Soy (They Say That I Am) is the third studio album by Puerto Rican recording artist La India released on September 20, 1994, by RMM Records. The album was produced by American musician Sergio George, who chose the songs for India to record with an emphasis on feminism to suit with her voice. The production mixes salsa music with other rhythms such as funk and timba. Five singles were released from the record with "Nunca Voy a Olvidarte" and "Ese Hombre" topping the Billboard Tropical Songs chart.

Dicen Que Soy was well received by music critics for the arrangement and selection of songs for the album. The success of the record led to India receiving a Billboard Latin Music Award and a Lo Nuestro nomination. In the United States, it peaked at number four and one on the Billboard Top Latin Albums and Tropical Albums charts respectively, and has sold over 140,000 copies as of 2000. (Full article...)
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"A Puro Dolor" is a song recorded by Puerto Rican band Son by Four. It was written by Omar Alfanno and released as the first single of the second studio album of the band in 2000. Two versions of the track were produced by Oscar Llord for the album; one as a salsa and the other as a ballad. The ballad version was arranged by Alejandro Jaén.

The song reached number-one on Billboard Top Latin Songs chart, and became the longest running chart topper of its history, spending 20 weeks at the top; this record was broken five years later by Colombian singer Shakira with "La Tortura" which spent 25 weeks at number-one. "A Puro Dolor" also reached the Billboard 100; this led to the recording of an English-language version of the track "Purest of Pain", which was also charted in the United States. (Full article...)
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Monument of Roberto Cofresí located in Boquerón Bay.

Roberto Cofresí y Ramírez de Arellano (June 17, 1791 – March 29, 1825), also known as El Pirata Cofresí, was a Puerto Rican pirate. He was born into a noble family, but the political and economic difficulties faced by the island as a colony of the Spanish Empire during the regional independence wars against the metropole meant that his household was poor. Cofresí worked at sea from an early age, which familiarized him with the region's geography, but provided him with only a modest salary. He eventually decided to abandon the sailor's life and become a pirate. He had previous links to land-based criminal activities, but the reason for Cofresí's change of vocation is unknown; historians speculate that he may have worked as a privateer aboard El Scipión, a ship owned by one of his cousins.

At the height of his career, Cofresí evaded capture by vessels from Spain, Gran Colombia, the United Kingdom, Denmark, France, and the United States. He commanded several small-draft vessels, the best known a fast six-gun sloop named Anne, and he had a preference for speed and maneuverability over firepower. He manned them with small, rotating crews, which most contemporaneous documents numbered at 10 to 20. He preferred to outrun his pursuers, but his flotilla engaged the West Indies Squadron twice, attacking the schooners USS Grampus and USS Beagle. Most crew members were recruited locally, although men occasionally joined them from the other Antilles, Central America, and Europe. He never confessed to murder, but reportedly boasted about his crimes, and 300 to 400 people, mostly foreigners, died as a result of his pillaging. (Full article...)
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"Mi Mayor Venganza" (transl. "My Greatest Revenge") is a song by Puerto Rican singer La India from her fifth studio album, Sobre el Fuego (1997). The song was written by Rodolfo Barreras and produced by Isidro Infante, and released as the album's second single in 1997 by RMM Records. It is a salsa song, in which La India tells the woman to keep the man who cheated on the artist out of revenge.

La India's vocals on "Mi Mayor Venganza" were praised by two music critics while another reviewer noted it has become an anthem with the salsa audience. It was a recipient of the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) Latin Award in 2000 in the salsa category. Commercially, the song peaked at numbers four and one on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs and Tropical Airplay charts in the United States, respectively. An accompanying music video features La India performing at an empty theater. (Full article...)
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Vuelve (transl. Come Back) is the fourth studio album by Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin. Sony Discos and Columbia Records released it on February 12, 1998. Martin worked with producers KC Porter, Robi Draco Rosa, and Desmond Child to create the album. Following the worldwide success of the song "María" from his previous album, A Medio Vivir (transl. Half Alive) (1995), Martin returned to the studio and began recording material while on tour. Vuelve is a Latin record with Latin dance numbers and pop ballads. "María" caught the attention of FIFA, who asked Martin to write an anthem for the 1998 FIFA World Cup being held in France. Martin subsequently recorded "La Copa de la Vida", composed by Porter, Rosa, and Desmond Child for the World Cup.

Critics' reviews of the album were generally positive; they praised its uptempo tracks and its production, though some criticized it for containing too many ballads. Martin received several accolades, including the Best Latin Pop Performance at the 41st Annual Grammy Awards in 1999. Vuelve debuted at number one on the US Billboard Top Latin Albums chart and peaked at number forty on the Billboard 200. Martin's performance of "La Copa de la Vida" on the Grammy Awards show was credited for boosting the album's sales. Certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), it sold more than 888,000 copies in the United States, standing as the 10th best-selling Latin album in the country. Vuelve reached number one in Norway, Portugal, and Spain, as well as the top 10 in seven other countries, including Australia and Italy. As of 2008, the album had sold over six million copies worldwide. (Full article...)
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The Ejército Popular Boricua ("Boricua Popular/People's Army"), EPB also known as Los Macheteros ("The Machete Wielders"), is a clandestine militant and insurgent organization based in Puerto Rico, with cells in the broader US and other nations. It campaigns for, and supports, the independence of Puerto Rico from the United States.

During their first decade of existence, they had an average of two actions per year. The group claimed responsibility for the 1978 bombing of a small power station in the San Juan area, the 1979 retaliation attacks against the United States armed forces personnel, the 1981 Muñiz Air National Guard Base attack, and a 1983 Wells Fargo bank robbery. (Full article...)
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"Tiburones" (transl. "Sharks") is a song recorded by Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin for his first extended play, Pausa (2020). The song was written by Oscar Hernandez and Pablo Preciado, while the production was handled by Julio Reyes Copello. The song was released for digital download and streaming by Sony Music Latin on January 23, 2020, as the second single from the extended play. A Spanish language ballad and Latin pop song, it is about the importance of peace, love and unity. It received positive reviews from music critics, who complimented its lyrics.

"Tiburones" was nominated for Song of the Year at the 21st Annual Latin Grammy Awards. The song was commercially successful in Latin America, reaching number one in Argentina and Puerto Rico, as well as the top 10 in eight other Latin American countries. Additionally, it became Martin's 49th entry on US Hot Latin Songs chart, making him the first and only artist in history to enter the chart in five different decades. The accompanying high concept music video was directed by Puerto Rican director Kacho Lopez and filmed in Caguas, Puerto Rico. It depicts a citizen protest that will turn into a celebration at the end and is an ode to both LGBT community and women's rights. Billboard ranked it among the "22 Latin Music Videos to Celebrate Pride Month". (Full article...)
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Hurricane Klaus at peak intensity northeast of the Leeward Islands on November 9

Hurricane Klaus was a North Atlantic hurricane that hit the Leeward Islands from the west in November of the 1984 Atlantic hurricane season. Forming from a broad area of low pressure on November 5, Klaus maintained a northeast movement throughout much of its path. After making landfall on extreme eastern Puerto Rico, it passed to the north of the Leeward Islands, resulting in strong southwesterly winds and rough seas. Klaus attained hurricane status and reached peak winds of 90 mph (145 km/h) before becoming extratropical over cooler waters on November 13. The storm dropped heavy rainfall in Puerto Rico, causing minor flooding and light damage. Klaus caused heavy marine damage in the Leeward Islands, including wrecking at least three ships. The Virgin Islands experienced heavy damage as well. (Full article...)
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La Fortaleza, the official residence of the governor of Puerto Rico since the 16th century

This list of governors of Puerto Rico includes all persons who have held the office of Governor of Puerto Rico since its establishment under the rule of the Spanish Empire (1508–1898) to the present under the sovereignty of the United States (1898–present).

The archipelago and island of Puerto Rico was annexed by the United States during the Spanish–American War in 1898, ending 390 years of active rule by the Spanish Empire, which began the European exploration, colonization, and settlement of the main island under conquistador Juan Ponce de León in 1508. Ponce de León was the first person to hold the title and office of governor by orders of King Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1509. The governor remained an appointee of the Spanish Crown during Spanish rule, and was an appointee of the President of the United States during American rule until 1948, when the residents of Puerto Rico began to popularly elect the governor, starting with Luis Muñoz Marín, who took office in 1949. (Full article...)
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Surface weather analysis of Hurricane Hazel near peak intensity and landfall in North Carolina on October 15

Hurricane Hazel was the deadliest, second-costliest, and most intense hurricane of the 1954 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm killed at least 469 people in Haiti before it struck the United States near the border between North and South Carolina as a Category 4 hurricane. After causing 95 fatalities in the US, Hazel struck Canada as an extratropical storm, which raised the death toll by 81 people, mostly in Toronto. As a result of the high death toll and the damage caused by Hazel, its name was retired from use for North Atlantic hurricanes.

In Haiti, Hazel destroyed 40 percent of the coffee trees and 50 percent of the cacao crop, which affected the economy for several years. The hurricane made landfall near Calabash, North Carolina, and destroyed most waterfront dwellings. It then traveled north along the Atlantic coast. Hazel affected Virginia; Washington, D.C.; West Virginia; Maryland; Delaware; New Jersey; Pennsylvania; and New York. It brought gusts near 100 mph (160 km/h) and caused $281 million (1954 USD) in damage. When it was over Pennsylvania, Hazel consolidated with a cold front and turned northwest towards Canada. When it hit Ontario as an extratropical storm, rivers and streams in and around Toronto overflowed their banks, which caused severe flooding. As a result, many residential areas in the local floodplains, such as the Raymore Drive area, were subsequently converted to parkland. In Canada alone, over C$135 million (2025: C$1.6 billion) of damage was incurred. (Full article...)
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The Billboard Latin Music Award for Reggaeton Album of the Year was an honor presented annually at the Billboard Latin Music Awards, a ceremony that recognizes "the most popular albums, songs, and performers in Latin music, as determined by the sales, radio airplay, streaming and social data that shapes Billboard's weekly charts." According to Billboard magazine, the category was "created in response to the growing number of charting titles from the genre" of reggaeton. Reggaeton is a genre that has roots in Latin and Caribbean music. Its sound derived from the Reggae en Español in Panama.

The accolade was first presented at the eleventh Billboard Latin Music awards in 2005 to Puerto Rican singer Daddy Yankee for his album Barrio Fino (2004). The record made Daddy Yankee the first reggaeton act to debut at the top of the Billboard Latin Albums chart and became the best-selling Latin album of the decade (2000-2010) in the United States. Yankee also received the accolade at the 2006 and 2008 awards ceremonies for his albums Barrio Fino: En Directo (2005) and El Cartel: The Big Boss (2007). Don Omar became the second and only other artist to win the award at the Billboard Latin Music Awards of 2007, where his album King of Kings (2006) was awarded. Puerto Rican singer Ivy Queen is the most nominated artist without a win, with three nominations, and the only female nominee. The Billboard Latin Music Awards of 2009 introduced thirteen new categories, one of which, the Latin Rhythm Album of the Year award, replaced the accolade for Reggaeton Album of the Year. (Full article...)
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"Despacito" (Latin American Spanish: [despaˈsito]; transl. "Slowly") is a Spanish-language song recorded by Puerto Rican singer Luis Fonsi, featuring Puerto Rican rapper Daddy Yankee. On January 13, 2017, it was released as lead single for Vida, Fonsi's tenth studio album. Written by Fonsi and Panamanian-American and Brazilian singer-songwriter Erika Ender in collaboration with Yankee between 2015 and 2016, it was produced by Colombian record producers Mauricio Rengifo and Andrés Torres in 2016. An English-language remix featuring Canadian pop singer Justin Bieber was released on April 17, 2017, with added lyrics by Bieber, and American singer-songwriters Poo Bear and Marty James.

Topping the charts in 47 countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Germany, France, Italy and Spain, and reaching the top 10 of six others, "Despacito" has been listed among the best Latin songs ever by various publications, with some referring to it as one of the most successful Spanish-language tracks in pop music history. It has been credited by music journalists as being the most instrumental song in spreading the popularity of Spanish-language music in the mainstream global market since "La Bamba" by Los Lobos in 1987 and "Macarena" by Los Del Rio featuring the Backside Boys in 1995. (Full article...)
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William Daniel Leahy (/ˈleɪ(h)i/ LAY-(h)ee; 6 May 1875 – 20 July 1959) was an American naval officer and was the most senior United States military officer on active duty during World War II; he held several titles and exercised considerable influence over foreign and military policy. As a fleet admiral, he was the first flag officer ever to hold a five-star rank in the U.S. Armed Forces.

An 1897 graduate of the United States Naval Academy, Leahy saw active service in the Spanish–American War, the Philippine–American War, the Boxer Rebellion in China, the Banana Wars in Central America, and World War I. He was the first member of his cadet class to reach flag rank, as the Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance from 1927 to 1931. He subsequently served as Chief of the Bureau of Navigation from 1933 to 1936, and commanded the Battle Fleet from 1936 to 1937. As Chief of Naval Operations from 1937 to 1939, he was the senior officer in the United States Navy, overseeing the expansion of the fleet and preparations for war. (Full article...)
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The history of the Jews in Puerto Rico dates back to the 1400s. Jewish immigration to Puerto Rico began in the 15th century with the arrival of the anusim (variously called conversos, Crypto-Jews, Secret Jews or marranos) who accompanied Christopher Columbus on his second voyage. An open Jewish community did not flourish in the colony because Judaism was prohibited by the Spanish Inquisition. However, many migrated to mountainous parts of the island, far from the central power of San Juan, and continued to self-identify as Jews and practice Crypto-Judaism.

It would be hundreds of years before an open Jewish community was established on the island. Very few American Jews settled in Puerto Rico after it was ceded by Spain to the United States under the terms of the 1898 Treaty of Paris, which ended the Spanish–American War. (Full article...)
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Captain Humbert Roque Versace, Medal of Honor recipient

Captain Humbert Roque "Rocky" Versace (July 2, 1937 – September 26, 1965) was a United States Army officer of Puerto Rican–Italian descent who was posthumously awarded the United States' highest military decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his heroic actions while a prisoner of war (POW) during the Vietnam War. He was the first member of the U.S. Army to be awarded the Medal of Honor for actions performed in Southeast Asia while in captivity. (Full article...)

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Photo credit: USGS

The 1985 Mameyes landslide in Ponce was one of the worst landslide disasters in North American history. Caused by excessive rains, it destroyed more than 100 homes and killed anywhere from 129 to 300 residents.

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Selected anniversaries for March

March 1, 1954 - Four Puerto Rican nationalists attack the U.S. Capitol in protest of Puerto Rico's new Commonwealth status. 5 U.S. Representatives are injured.
March 1, 1958 - Westernbank was founded.
March 2, 1917 - The Jones Act is signed into law, granting U.S. citizenship to all Puerto Ricans and revised the system of government.
March 2, 1940 - Birth of Tony Croatto, Italian-Puerto Rican singer and composer (d. 2005)
March 3, 1908 - Birth of Juan Antonio Corretjer, poet, [journalist and independence political activist (d. 1985)
March 7, 1894 - Birth of Ana María O'Neill, women's rights activist (d. 1981)
March 9, 1940 - Birth of Raúl Juliá, Golden Globe Award-winning screen and stage actor (d. 1994)
March 10, 1898 - Puerto Rican leaders of the Cuban Revolutionary Party corresponded with the United States hoping they would include Puerto Rico in the intervention planned for Cuba.
March 12, 1903 - The University of Puerto Rico is established.
March 12, 1958 - Death of Luis R. Esteves, the first Puerto Rican to graduate from West Point (b. 1893)
March 13, 1824 - The Municipality of Aibonito is founded.
March 14, 1901 - Federico Degetau takes office in Washington, D.C. as the first Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico.
March 17, 1995 - Death of Rick Aviles, comedian and actor (b. 1952)
March 19, 1962 - Birth of Iván Calderón, Puerto Rican Major League Baseball player (d. 2003)
March 21, 1937 - The Ponce massacre occurred.
March 22, 1873 - The Spanish National Assembly officially abolished, with a few special clauses, slavery in Puerto Rico.
March 22, 1979 - Death of René Marqués, renowned short story writer and playwright (b. 1919)
March 26, 1965 - Birth of Raymond Arrieta, comedian
March 28, 1969 - Birth of Gisselle (Giselle Ortíz Cáceres), merengue singer
March 29, 1977 - Birth of Kristina Brandi, professional tennis player
March 30, 1933 - Birth of Braulio Castillo, telenovela actor

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WikiProjects

**WikiProject Puerto Rico**
Parent Projects:	Sister Projects:
Geography
Caribbean	Cuba • Dominican Republic
Latin America	Mexico • Mesoamerica
United States	Puerto Rican Highways
Ethnic groups
Latinos

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Rail transport in Puerto Rico currently consists of a 10.7-mile (17.2 km) passenger metro system in the island's metropolitan area of San Juan. Its history can be traced back to the mid-19th century with the construction of a limited passenger line in Mayagüez. Between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Puerto Rico's rail transport system expanded significantly, becoming one of the largest rail systems in the Caribbean at the time thanks to an economic boom in agriculture industries, especially the sugar cane industry. The rail system was expanded to include passenger travel with a direct line from the island's northern capital of San Juan to the western and southern cities and towns, greatly improving travel and communication within the island. However, the entire system was soon overshadowed by the arrival of the automobile, and by the 1950s was completely abandoned. Small remnants of this system still exist in some parts of Puerto Rico, some were conserved for tourism purposes. (Full article...)

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Lavoe in 1969

Héctor Juan Pérez Martínez (September 30, 1946 – June 29, 1993), better known as Héctor Lavoe, was a Puerto Rican salsa singer. Widely regarded as one of salsa's most important and influential vocalists, Lavoe played a pivotal role in popularizing the genre throughout the 1960s, '70s, and '80s. His charismatic persona and artistic vision propelled him to become one of the most successful Latin music artists of all time.

Lavoe was born and raised in the Machuelo Abajo barrio of Ponce, Puerto Rico. Early in his life, he attended Escuela Libre de Música de Ponce, known today as the Instituto de Música Juan Morel Campos and, inspired by Jesús Sánchez Erazo, developed an interest in music. He moved to New York City on May 3, 1963, at the age of sixteen. Shortly after his arrival, he worked as the singer in a sextet formed by Roberto García. During this period, he performed with several other groups, including Orquesta New York, Kako All-Stars, and Johnny Pacheco's band. (Full article...)

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Biographical topics

... that in 1907, Antonio Paoli, born in Ponce, Puerto Rico, recorded the first opera in history "Pagliacci" by Ruggiero Leoncavallo and that Paoli was known as the Tenor of Kings and the King of Tenors?^[1]
... that Rafael Alers became the first Puerto Rican to compose the music score for a Hollywood movie, when he was hired for such a task for the 1956 movie "Crowded Paradise", directed by Fred Pressburger?^[2]
... that when Benicio del Toro and Joaquín Phoenix were nominated by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for Best Supporting Actor in 2001, it was the first time that two actors born in Puerto Rico were simultaneously nominated for such an honor?^[3]
... that Dr. Dr. Carlos Albizu Miranda is the first Hispanic Educator to have a North American University renamed in his honor and one of the first Hispanics to earn a PhD. in Psychology in the United States?^[4]
... that in 1947, Marquita Rivera became the first Puerto Rican actress to appear in a major Hollywood motion picture when she appeared in Road to Rio, opposite Bob Hope, Bing Crosby and Dorothy Lamour?^[5].
... that José Andino y Amezquita, a direct descendant of Captain Juan de Amezquita and Field Marshal Gaspar Martínez De Andino, a Spaniard who was appointed by the Spanish Crown Governor of Puerto Rico as governor, became the first Puerto Rican journalist in 1814?^[6]
... that Julio Vizcarrondo, who played an instrumental role in the abolishment of slavery in Puerto Rico, was also the founder of the Protestantism movement in the Iberian Peninsula in the 19th Century?^[7]
... that Dr. Héctor Feliciano, is the author of "The Lost Museum: The Nazi Conspiracy to Steal the World's Greatest Works of Art", a book which proved the corrupt relationship between Europe's art museums and art dealers with the Nazi art looters of World War II and that his book forced the French government to display in public thousands of art works acquired from looters?.^[8]
... that Augusto Rodríguez, the founder of the Choir of the University of Puerto Rico, was also the founder of the Hebrew Festival Chorus of San Juan's Jewish community?
... that Deirdre Connelly, a native of San Juan, was recognized by Fortune magazine as one of the 50 most powerful women in business for 8 consecutive years (2007-2014)?^[9]

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General images

The following are images from various Puerto Rico-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1"El desastre es la colonia" (the disaster is the colony), words seen on light meter six months after Hurricane Maria (from Culture of Puerto Rico)
Image 2Flag flown by Fidel Vélez and his men during the "Intentona de Yauco" revolt. (from History of Puerto Rico)
Image 3Christopher Columbus, the explorer credited with the European discovery of Puerto Rico. (from History of Puerto Rico)
Image 4An 1899, caricature by Louis Dalrymple (1866–1905), showing Uncle Sam harshly lecturing four black children labelled Philippines, Hawaii, Puerto Rico and Cuba (from History of Puerto Rico)
Image 5Spanish Planter of Puerto Rico with House Slave, ca. 1808 (from History of Puerto Rico)
Image 61876 indemnity bond paid as compensation to former Puerto-Rico owners of freed slaves (from History of Puerto Rico)
Image 7Four men playing dominoes in San Juan, Puerto Rico (from Culture of Puerto Rico)
Image 8Raising the US Flag over San Juan, October 18, 1898. (from History of Puerto Rico)
Image 9Sugar cane workers resting at the noon hour, Rio Piedras. Photograph by Jack Delano, a photographer for the Farm Security Administration. Ca. 1941. (from History of Puerto Rico)
Image 10Taíno village at Tibes Indigenous Ceremonial Center in Ponce, Puerto Rico. (from History of Puerto Rico)
Image 11Royal Cédula of Graces, 1815, which granted legal entry of some foreigners to Puerto Rico. (from History of Puerto Rico)
Image 12Map of the departments of Puerto Rico during Spanish provincial times (1886). (from History of Puerto Rico)
Image 13The 45-star flag, used by the United States during the invasion of Puerto Rico, was also the official flag of Puerto Rico from 1899 to 1908. (from History of Puerto Rico)
Image 14Juan Ponce de León (Santervás de Campos, Valladolid, Spain), was the first governor of Puerto Rico. His grandson Juan Ponce de Leon II was the first indigenous governor of Puerto Rico. (from History of Puerto Rico)
Image 15The original Lares revolutionary flag. The first "Puerto Rican Flag" used in the unsuccessful Grito de Lares (Lares Uprising). (from History of Puerto Rico)
Image 16Picture by journalist Carlos Torres Morales of the Ponce massacre, March 21, 1937. (from History of Puerto Rico)
Image 17Aftermath in Mayaguez, of the 1918 earthquake. (from History of Puerto Rico)
Image 18US and Puerto Rico flags on a building in Puerto Rico (from Culture of Puerto Rico)
Image 19'La escuelo del Maestro Cordero' by Puerto Rican artist Francisco Oller. (from Culture of Puerto Rico)
Image 20View across the Bay of San Juan of Fort San Felipe del Morro. (from History of Puerto Rico)
Image 21Los Reyes Magos painted by Hipolito Marte Martinez, "In Puerto Rico, Melchior is always represented with dark skin" (from Culture of Puerto Rico)
Image 22States proposed in the Spanish Draft Federal Constitution of 1873, among which Puerto Rico was included. (from History of Puerto Rico)
Image 23Hacienda La Fortuna, sugar mill complex in Puerto Rico painted by Francisco Oller in 1885. (from Culture of Puerto Rico)
Image 24Hurricanes Irma and Maria sharply reduced the availability of electricity throughout the island (from History of Puerto Rico)
Image 25From 1948 to 1952 it was a felony to display the Puerto Rican flag in public; the only flag permitted to be flown on the island was the flag of the United States. (from History of Puerto Rico)
Image 26The first Supreme Court of Puerto Rico, established in 1900. (from History of Puerto Rico)
Image 27El Imparcial headline: "Aviation (US) bombs Utuado" during Nationalist revolts. (from History of Puerto Rico)

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“

A lot of Puerto Rican Americans sometimes feel outside of the Puerto Rican experience..., and then they get ridiculed from that. Some people may call them a "fake Puerto Rican". And I don't think that that's fair, because they still grew up on rice and beans. They still listen to salsa and merengue.

You know, you may not be born in Puerto Rico, but Puerto Rican is definitely born in you.

”

— Rosie Perez, April 27, 2006 interview with NPR.

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