Thymosin α1

Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Thymosin α1 is a peptide fragment derived from prothymosin alpha, a protein that in humans is encoded by the PTMA gene.[5]

PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
AliasesPTMA, prothymosin, alpha, TMSA, prothymosin alpha
External IDsOMIM: 188390; MGI: 97803; HomoloGene: 136511; GeneCards: PTMA; OMA:PTMA - orthologs
Chr.Chromosome 2 (human)[1]
Quick facts PTMA, Available structures ...
PTMA
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesPTMA, prothymosin, alpha, TMSA, prothymosin alpha
External IDsOMIM: 188390; MGI: 97803; HomoloGene: 136511; GeneCards: PTMA; OMA:PTMA - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

5757

19231

Ensembl

ENSG00000187514

ENSMUSG00000026238

UniProt

P06454

P26350

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001099285
NM_002823

NM_008972

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001092755
NP_002814

NP_032998
NP_001347759
NP_001347760

Location (UCSC)Chr 2: 231.71 – 231.71 MbChr 1: 86.53 – 86.53 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse
Close
CAS Number
PubChem CID
FormulaC129H215N33O55
Molar mass3108.315 g·mol−1
Quick facts Identifiers, CAS Number ...
Thymosin α1
Identifiers
  • (4S)-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-acetamido-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-6-aminohexanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-6-aminohexanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-6-aminohexanoyl]amino]-6-aminohexanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-5-[[(1S)-3-amino-1-carboxy-3-oxopropyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid
CAS Number
PubChem CID
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC129H215N33O55
Molar mass3108.315 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • CC[C@H](C)[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)N)C(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)C
  • InChI=1S/C129H215N33O55/c1-18-59(10)98(159-114(201)76(36-42-91(181)182)146-120(207)83(53-164)154-121(208)84(54-165)155-127(214)99(63(14)166)160-118(205)80(51-94(187)188)152-123(210)95(56(4)5)156-104(191)62(13)135-102(189)60(11)137-115(202)78(49-92(183)184)151-119(206)82(52-163)138-66(17)169)125(212)161-101(65(16)168)128(215)162-100(64(15)167)126(213)147-70(30-22-26-46-133)109(196)150-79(50-93(185)186)117(204)149-77(47-55(2)3)116(203)142-69(29-21-25-45-132)108(195)144-73(33-39-88(175)176)110(197)141-67(27-19-23-43-130)106(193)140-68(28-20-24-44-131)107(194)145-75(35-41-90(179)180)113(200)157-97(58(8)9)124(211)158-96(57(6)7)122(209)148-74(34-40-89(177)178)111(198)143-71(31-37-86(171)172)105(192)136-61(12)103(190)139-72(32-38-87(173)174)112(199)153-81(129(216)217)48-85(134)170/h55-65,67-84,95-101,163-168H,18-54,130-133H2,1-17H3,(H2,134,170)(H,135,189)(H,136,192)(H,137,202)(H,138,169)(H,139,190)(H,140,193)(H,141,197)(H,142,203)(H,143,198)(H,144,195)(H,145,194)(H,146,207)(H,147,213)(H,148,209)(H,149,204)(H,150,196)(H,151,206)(H,152,210)(H,153,199)(H,154,208)(H,155,214)(H,156,191)(H,157,200)(H,158,211)(H,159,201)(H,160,205)(H,161,212)(H,162,215)(H,171,172)(H,173,174)(H,175,176)(H,177,178)(H,179,180)(H,181,182)(H,183,184)(H,185,186)(H,187,188)(H,216,217)/t59-,60-,61-,62-,63+,64+,65+,67-,68-,69-,70-,71-,72-,73-,74-,75-,76-,77-,78-,79-,80-,81-,82-,83-,84-,95-,96-,97-,98-,99-,100-,101-/m0/s1
  • Key:NZVYCXVTEHPMHE-ZSUJOUNUSA-N
Close

It was the first of the peptides from Thymosin Fraction 5 to be completely sequenced and synthesized. Unlike β thymosins, to which it is genetically and chemically unrelated, thymosin α1 is produced as a 28-amino acid fragment having the sequence Ac-SDAAVDTSSEITTKDLKEKKEVEEEAEN, which is made from cleavage of a longer, 113-amino acid precursor, prothymosin α.[6]

Function

Thymosin α1 is an agonist for toll-like receptor 2 and toll-like receptor 9 on both myeloid and dendritic antigen-presenting cells, thereby stimulating the adaptive immune response.[7]

Thymosin α1 is believed to be a major component of Thymosin Fraction 5 responsible for the activity of that preparation in restoring immune function in animals lacking thymus glands. It has been found to enhance cell-mediated immunity in humans as well as experimental animals.[8]

Therapeutic application

Thymosin α1 is approved in some countries for the treatment of Hepatitis B and C, and it is also used to boost the immune response in the treatment of other diseases.[9][10] The synthetic version of Thymosin α1 is known as Thymalfasin and is sold under the brand name Zadaxin.[11]

Thymosin α1 is usually administered by subcutaneous injection.[7]

Clinical studies

Clinical trials suggest thymosin α1 may be useful in cystic fibrosis, septic shock,[12] acute respiratory distress syndrome, peritonitis, pancreatitis,[13] acute cytomegalovirus infection, TB, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and lung infections in critically ill patients.,[10][14] and for chronic hepatitis B.[15][16][17]

For hospitalized COVID-19 patients, thymosin α1 is not generally thought to reduce mortality or length of hospitalization,[18] though studies have shown conflicting results.[19]

It has been studied for possible use in treating cancer (e.g. with chemotherapy).[20]

See also

References

Further reading

Related Articles

Wikiwand AI