Journalism is the production and distribution of reports on events, facts, ideas, and people that constitute the "news of the day" and inform society with a commitment to accuracy and verification. The word, a noun, applies to the occupation (professional or not), the methods of gathering information, and the organizing literary styles.
The role of journalism varies across countries, as do perceptions of the profession and its status. In some nations, newsmedia are controlled by the government and lack independence. In others, news media operate independently of government influence and function as private enterprises. Legal frameworks also differ, particularly regarding freedom of speech, freedom of the press, slander, and libel. Scholars have also examined journalism’s role in globalisation, highlighting its contribution to increasing global interconnectedness.
In recent years, the rise of the internet and digital media has significantly changed how people access and consume information, with a growing preference for online sources. In some regions, this shift has contributed to the decline or disappearance of traditional print newspapers. The widespread use of the Internet and smartphones has transformed the media landscape since the early 21st century, with audiences increasingly accessing news through e-readers, mobile devices, and digital platforms rather than traditional formats such as newspapers, magazines, or television news. News organisations face ongoing challenges in monetising digital content and adapting print models to evolving consumption patterns. As a result, print revenues have declined more rapidly than the growth of digital income streams. (Full article...)
Largely because of the efforts of Representative James Madison, who studied the deficiencies of the Constitution pointed out by Anti-Federalists and then crafted a series of corrective proposals, Congress approved twelve articles of amendment on September 25, 1789, and submitted them to the states for ratification. Contrary to Madison's proposal that the proposed amendments be incorporated into the main body of the Constitution (at the relevant articles and sections of the document), they were proposed as supplemental additions (codicils) to it. Articles Three through Twelve were ratified as additions to the Constitution on December 15, 1791, and became Amendments One through Ten of the Constitution. Article Two became part of the Constitution on May 5, 1992, as the Twenty-seventh Amendment. Article One is still pending before the states. (Full article...)
Dame Anna Wintour (/ˈwɪntər/; born 3 November 1949) is a British and American media executive who served as editor-in-chief of Vogue from 1988 to 2025. Currently, Wintour serves as global chief content officer and artist director at Condé Nast. Known for her trademark pageboybob haircut and dark sunglasses, Wintour is regarded as the most powerful woman in publishing, and has become an important figure in the fashion world, serving as the lead chairperson of the annual haute coutureMet Gala global fashion spectacle in Manhattan since the 1990s. Wintour is praised for her skill in identifying emerging fashion trends, but has been criticised for her reportedly aloof and demanding personality.
Her father, Charles Wintour, who was editor of the London-based Evening Standard from 1959 to 1976, consulted with her on how to make the newspaper relevant to the youth of the era. She became interested in fashion as a teenager and her career in fashion journalism began at two British magazines. Later, she moved to the United States, with stints at New York and House & Garden. She returned to London and was the editor of British Vogue between 1985 and 1987. A year later, she assumed control of the franchise's magazine in New York, reviving what many saw as a stagnating publication. Her use of the magazine to shape the fashion industry has been the subject of debate within it. Animal rights activists have attacked her for promoting fur, while other critics have charged her with using the magazine to promote elitist and unattainable views of femininity and beauty. (Full article...)
Image 9"Geronimo's camp before surrender to General Crook, 27 March 1886: Geronimo and Natches mounted; Geronimo's son (Perico) standing at his side holding baby." By C. S. Fly. (from Photojournalism)
All Ministers ... who were Oppressors, or intended to be Oppressors, have been loud in their Complaints against Freedom of Speech, and the License of the Press; and always restrained, or endeavored to restrain, both.
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Murphy, Lawrence William. "An Introduction to Journalism: Authoritative Views on the Profession", 1930. T. Nelson and sons Journalism. Original from the University of California. Digitized Oct 23, 2007.