List of presidents of Peru

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of those who have served as President of the Republic of Peru (head of state and head of government of Peru) from its establishment to the present. The office was established by the 1822 Constituent Congress, after the resignation of José de San Martín to his position as Protector of Peru and his subsequent departure from the country.

The first president was José de la Riva Agüero and the current officeholder is José María Balcázar. In the history of the position, there has been several political crises, caudillos, barracks revolt, civil wars, death of the incumbent, coups d'état, parliamentary attempts to remove the presidency,[1] one self-coup, and vacancies dictated by the congress. The list is based on the official list of rulers by the Peruvian Congress,[2] as well as the constitutions, laws, and decrees in each case.

Even though they were not presidents, the list includes the Libertadores San Martín and Simón Bolívar due to their historical relevance in the independence of Peru and its consolidation. The country's name was changed from "Peruvian Republic" (República peruana) to "Republic of Peru" (República del Perú) in 1980, after the 1979 constitution came into effect. The numbering is solely for informational purposes of Wikipedia, without any official or historical value.[a]

Presidents

Political parties:

Far-right:   Fujimorism (Cambio 90/ Let's Go Neighbor)   Revolutionary Union (Unión Revolucionaria, UR)   Odriist National Union (Unión Nacional Odriista, UNO)

Right wing:   Civilista Party (Partido Civil, PC)   Constitutional Party (Partido Constitucional)   Reformist Democratic Party (Partido Democrático Reformista)   Peruvian Democratic Movement (Movimiento Democrático Peruano, MDP)   National Democratic Front (Frente Democrático Nacional)

Centre-right:   Peruvian Aprista Party (Partido Aprista Peruano, APRA)   Peruvians for Change (Peruanos Por el Kambio, PPK)   Popular Action (Acción Popular, AP)   We Are Peru (Partido Democrático Somos Perú, PDSP)

Centrist:   Possible Peru (Perú Posible, PP)   Purple Party (Partido Morado, PM)

Centre-left:   Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata, PD)   Peruvian Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista Peruano, PNP)

Far-left:   Free Peru (Perú Libre, PL)

Others:   Independent   Military

  UR (2)   PC (9)   C90/VV (1)   PC (4)   PDR (1)   MDP (2)   PPK (1)   PDSP (1)   AP (4)   PP (1)
  PM (1)   PD (2)   APRA (2)   FDN (1)   PNP (1)   PL (2)   PDSP (1)   Ind. (5)   Military (16)

Protectorate of Peru (1821–1822)

More information No., Portrait ...
Protectorate of Peru (1821–1822)
No. Portrait President
(Birth–Death)		 Took office Left office Time in office Party Election 1st Vice President 2nd Vice President
— José de San Martín
Protector of Peru
(1778–1850)		 3 August 1821 20 September 1822 1 year, 48 days Independent —[3] —
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Presidents of the Peruvian Republic (1822–1836)

More information No., Portrait ...
Peruvian Republic (1822–1836)
No. Portrait President
(Birth–Death)		 Took office Left office Time in office Party Election 1st Vice President 2nd Vice President
— José de la Mar
President of the Supreme Junta
(1776–1830)		 21 September 1822 28 February 1823
(deposed)		 160 days Independent —[b][4][5] —
1 José de la Riva Agüero
(1783–1858)		 28 February 1823 23 June 1823
(deposed)		 115 days Military Coup d'etat[6] —
— Francisco Valdivieso y Prada
Interim Head of Government
(1773–1829)		 23 June 1823 7 August 1823 45 days Independent —[b][7] —
2 José Bernardo de Tagle
(1779–1825)		 16 August 1823[c] 10 February 1824
(deposed)		 178 days Military —[b][9][10] Diego de Aliaga y Santa Cruz
— Simón Bolívar
Dictator[d]
(1783–1830)		 10 February 1824 27 January 1827
(deposed)		 2 years, 351 days Independent —[b][11] None
— Andrés de Santa Cruz
President of the Council
(1792–1865)		 28 January 1827[e] 10 June 1827 133 days Independent —[b][13] None
3 José de La Mar
(1776–1830)		 10 June 1827 6 June 1829
(deposed)		 1 year, 361 days Military 1827[14] Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano
— Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente
Supreme Chief
(1796–1878)		 6 June 1829 31 August 1829 87 days Military Coup d'état[15] None
4 Agustín Gamarra
(1785–1841)		 31 August 1829 19 December 1833 4 years, 110 days Military —[16] Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente
1829[17]
5 Luis José de Orbegoso
(1795–1847)		 20 December 1833 25 February 1835
(deposed)		 1 year, 67 days Military —[b][f][20] None
— Felipe Salaverry
Supreme Chief
(1805–1836)		 25 February 1835 7 February 1836
(deposed)		 347 days Military Coup d'état[21] None
6 Luis José de Orbegoso
(1795–1847)
2nd term		 8 January 1836 11 August 1836 1 year, 66 days Military Coup d'état[22] None
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Peru–Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839)

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Peru–Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839)
No. Portrait President
(Birth–Death)		 Took office Left office Time in office Party Election 1st Vice President 2nd Vice President
— Andrés de Santa Cruz
Supreme Protector
(1792–1865)		 28 October 1836[g] 20 February 1839
(resigned)		 2 years, 291 days Independent —[25][26] None
— Agustín Gamarra
General in charge of the Executive
(1785–1841)		 24 August 1838 15 August 1839 356 days Military Open cabildo[27] None
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Presidents of the Restoration and Military Anarchy (1839–1845)

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Peruvian Republic (1839–1845)
No. Portrait President
(Birth–Death)		 Took office Left office Time in office Party Election 1st Vice President 2nd Vice President
7 Agustín Gamarra
(1785–1841)
2nd term		 15 August 1839 18 November 1841 (†)
(killed in battle)		 2 years, 95 days Military —[b][28] None
1840[29] Manuel Menéndez
President of the Council of State
— Military Anarchy —
— Manuel Menéndez
Interim Head of State[h][30]
(1793–1847)		 18 November 1841 16 August 1842
(deposed)		 271 days Independent —[i] Justo Figuerola
1º Vice President of the Council of State		 Juan Francisco de Vidal
2º Vice President of the Council of State
— Juan Crisóstomo Torrico
Supreme Chief[31]
(1808–1875)		 16 August 1842 17 October 1842
(deposed)		 62 days Military Coup d'état None
— Juan Francisco de Vidal
Interim Head of State[h][32]
(1800–1863)		 17 October 1842 15 March 1843 149 days Military Coup d'état None
— Justo Figuerola
Interim Head of State[h][33]
(1771–1854)		 15 March 1843 19 March 1843
(deposed)		 4 days Independent —[i] None
— Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco
Supreme Director[34]
(1806–1873)		 20 March 1843[j] 17 June 1844[k]
(deposed)		 1 year, 90 days Military Coup d'état None
— Domingo Elías
Supreme Chief[38]
(1805–1867)		 17 June 1844 10 August 1844
(deposed)		 146 days Independent Coup d'état None
— Justo Figuerola
Interim Head of State[h][39]
(1771–1854)		 10 August 1844 7 October 1844 58 days Independent —[i] None
— Manuel Menéndez
Interim Head of State[h][40]
(1793–1847)		 7 October 1844 20 April 1845 195 days Independent —[i] None
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Presidents of the Peruvian Republic (1845–1895)

More information No., Portrait ...
Peruvian Republic (1845–1895)
No. Portrait President
(Birth–Death)		 Took office Left office Time in office Party Election 1st Vice President 2nd Vice President
8 Ramón Castilla
(1797–1867)		 20 April 1845 20 April 1851 6 years Military 1845[41][42] None
9 José Rufino Echenique
(1808–1887)		 20 April 1851 5 January 1855
(deposed)		 3 years, 260 days Military 1851[43] None
10 Ramón Castilla
(1797–1867)
2nd term		 5 January 1855[l] 24 October 1862 7 years, 292 days Military Coup d'état None
—[b][45]
1858[46] Juan Manuel del Mar
11 Miguel de San Román
(1802–1863)		 24 October 1862 3 April 1863 (†)
(natural death)		 161 days Military 1862 Juan Antonio Pezet Pedro Diez Canseco
— Pedro Diez Canseco
Interim Head of State[m][47]
(1793–1847)		 3 April 1863[n] 5 August 1863 124 days Independent —[i] None
12 Juan Antonio Pezet
(1809–1879)
[o]		 5 August 1863 8 November 1865 2 years, 95 days Military —[i] Vacant Pedro Diez Canseco
— Pedro Diez Canseco
Interim Head of State[m][53]
(1793–1847)		 8 November 1865[p] 28 November 1865
(deposed)		 20 days Independent —[i][55] None
— Mariano Ignacio Prado
Supreme Chief
(1825–1901)		 28 November 1865 15 February 1867 1 year, 79 days Military Coup d'état[56] None
13 Mariano Ignacio Prado
(1825–1901)
[q]		 15 February 1867 7 January 1868 326 days Military 1867[57] Luis La Puerta
— Pedro Diez Canseco
Interim Head of State[m]
(1815–1893)		 7 January 1868 31 July 1868 206 days Military —[i][58][59] None
14 José Balta
(1814–1872)		 1 August 1868 22 July 1872
(deposed and killed)		 3 years, 356 days Military 1868[60] Mariano Herencia Zevallos Francisco Diez-Canseco
— Tomás Gutiérrez
Supreme Chief
(1817–1872)		 22 July 1872 26 July 1872 (†)
(killed by mob)		 4 days Military Coup d'état None
— Mariano Herencia Zevallos
Interim Head of State[r][61]
(1820–1873)		 26 July 1872 31 July 1872 5 days Civilista Party —[i][62] Vacant Francisco Diez-Canseco
15 Manuel Pardo y Lavalle
(1834–1878)		 1 August 1872 1 August 1876 4 years Civilista Party 1872[63] Manuel Costas Arce Francisco Garmendia
16 Mariano Ignacio Prado
(1825–1901)
2nd term		 1 August 1876 23 December 1879
(deposed)		 3 years, 144 days Civilista Party 1876[64] Luis La Puerta José Canevaro
— Nicolás de Piérola
Supreme Chief
(1839–1913)		 23 December 1879 29 July 1881 1 year, 218 days Independent Open cabildo[65] None
17 Nicolás de Piérola
President in the South[s]
(1839–1913)		 29 July 1881 28 December 1881
(resigned)		 152 days Independent —[t][66] None
18 Francisco García Calderón
Provisory President, in Lima
(1834–1905)		 10 July 1881[u] 6 November 1881
(prisoner of war)		 119 days Independent —[v][68] Lizardo Montero Andrés Avelino Cáceres
— Lizardo Montero
Interim Head, in Ayacucho[r][69]
(1832–1905)		 6 November 1881 28 October 1882
(resigned)		 1 year, 356 days Civilista Party —[i] None
— Miguel Iglesias
Regenerator president, in the North
(1830–1909)		 30 December 1882 1 March 1884 1 year, 62 days Military —[w][70] None
19 Miguel Iglesias
(1830–1909)		 1 March 1884 3 December 1885
(resigned)		 1 year, 277 days Military —[b][71] None
— Antonio Arenas
Interim Head of State[h]
(1808–1891)		 3 December 1885 3 June 1886 182 days Independent —[i][72][73] None
20 Andrés Avelino Cáceres
(1836–1923)		 3 June 1886 10 August 1890 4 years, 68 days Constitutional Party 1886[x] Remigio Morales Bermúdez Aurelio Denegri
21 Remigio Morales Bermúdez
(1836–1894)		 10 August 1890 1 April 1894 (†)
(natural death)		 3 years, 234 days Constitutional Party 1890 Pedro Alejandrino del Solar Justiniano Borgoño
— Justiniano Borgoño
Interim Head of State[m]
(1836–1921)		 1 April 1894 10 August 1894 131 days Constitutional Party —[i] None
22 Andrés Avelino Cáceres
(1836–1923)
2nd term		 10 August 1894 20 March 1895
(resigned)		 222 days Constitutional Party 1894 César Canevaro Cesáreo Chacaltana
— Manuel Candamo
President of the Provisional Government Junta
(1841–1904)		 20 March 1895 8 September 1895 172 days Independent — None
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Presidents of the Aristocratic Republic and The Oncenio (1895–1933)

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Peruvian Republic (1895–1933)
No. Portrait President
(Birth–Death)		 Took office Left office Time in office Party Election 1st Vice President 2nd Vice President
23 Nicolás de Piérola
(1839–1913)
2nd term		 8 September 1895 8 September 1899 4 years Democratic Party 1895 Guillermo Billinghurst Augusto Seminario
24 Eduardo López de Romaña
(1847–1912)		 8 September 1899 8 September 1903 4 years Civilista Party 1899 Isaac Alzamora Federico Bresani
25 Manuel Candamo
(1841–1904)		 8 September 1903 7 May 1904 (†)
(natural death)		 242 days Civilista Party 1903 Vacant Serapio Calderón
— Serapio Calderón
Interim Head of State[m]
(1843–1922)		 7 May 1904 24 September 1904 140 days Civilista Party —[i] None
26 José Pardo y Barreda
(1864–1947)		 24 September 1904 24 September 1908 4 years Civilista Party 1904 José Cavero Vacant
27 Augusto Leguía
(1863–1932)		 24 September 1908 24 September 1912 4 years Civilista Party 1908 Eugenio Larrabure Belisario Sosa
28 Guillermo Billinghurst
(1851–1915)		 24 September 1912 4 February 1914
(deposed)		 1 year, 133 days Democratic Party 1912 Roberto Leguía Miguel Echenique
— Óscar Benavides
President of the Military Junta
(1876–1945)		 4 February 1914 15 May 1914 100 days Military Coup d'état[74] None
29 Óscar Benavides
(1876–1945)		 15 May 1914 18 August 1915 1 year, 95 days Military —[b][75] None
30 José Pardo y Barreda
(1864–1947)
2nd term		 18 August 1915 4 July 1919
(deposed)		 3 years, 320 days Civilista Party 1915 Ricardo Bentín Sánchez Melitón Carvajal
31 Augusto Leguía
(1863–1932)
2nd term		 4 July 1919 25 August 1930
(deposed)		 11 years, 52 days Reformist Democratic Party Coup d'état César Canevaro
(1919–1920)		 Agustín de la Torre
(1919–1920)
1919
1924 None
1929
— Manuel María Ponce
President of the Military Junta
(1874–1966)		 25 August 1930 27 August 1930
(deposed)		 2 days Military Coup d'état[76][77] None
— Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro
President of the Military Junta
(1874–1951)		 27 August 1930 1 March 1931 186 days Military Coup d'état[78] None
— Mariano Holguín
President of the Assembly
(1874–1951)		 1 March 1931 2 March 1931 1 day Independent —[y][79] None
— Ricardo Elías Arias
President of the Military Junta
(1874–1951)		 2 March 1931 5 March 1931 3 days Independent —[y][80] None
— Gustavo Jiménez Saldías
President of the Military Junta
(1886–1933)		 5 March 1931 11 March 1931 6 days Independent —[y][81] None
— David Samanez Ocampo
President of the Military Junta
(1866–1947)		 11 March 1931 8 December 1931 272 days Democratic Party —[y][82] None
32 Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro
(1889–1933)		 8 December 1931 30 April 1933 (†)
(assasinated)		 1 year, 143 days Revolutionary Union 1931 None
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Presidents under the Political Consitution of Peru (1933–1980)

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Peruvian Republic (1933–1980)
No. Portrait President
(Birth–Death)		 Took office Left office Time in office Party Election 1st Vice President 2nd Vice President
33 Óscar Benavides
(1876–1945)
2nd term		 30 April 1933 8 December 1939 6 years, 222 days Military —[b] Ernesto Montagne Markholz
(1936–1939)		 Antonio Rodríguez
(1936–1939)
34 Manuel Prado Ugarteche
(1889–1967)		 8 December 1939 28 July 1945 5 years, 232 days Peruvian Democratic Movement 1939 Rafael Larco Herrera Carlos Gibson
35 José Luis Bustamante y Rivero
(1894–1989)		 28 July 1945 29 October 1948
(deposed)		 3 years, 93 days National Democratic Front 1945 José Gálvez Barrenechea Eduardo Ganoza
— Manuel Odría
President of the Military Junta
(1896–1974)		 29 October 1948 1 June 1950 1 year, 215 days Military Coup d'état Zenón Noriega None
— Zenón Noriega
President of the Military Junta
(1889–1967)		 1 June 1950 28 July 1950 57 days Military —[y][83] None
36 Manuel Odría
(1896–1974)		 28 July 1950 28 July 1956 6 years Odriist National Union 1950[x] Héctor Boza Federico Bolognesi
37 Manuel Prado Ugarteche
(1889–1967)
2nd term		 28 July 1956 18 July 1962
(deposed)		 5 years, 355 days Peruvian Democratic Movement 1956 Luis Gallo Porras Carlos Moreyra
— Ricardo Pérez Godoy
President of the Military Junta
(1905–1982)		 18 July 1962 3 March 1963 228 days Military Coup d'état Nicolás Lindley López None
— Nicolás Lindley López
President of the Military Junta
(1908–1995)		 3 March 1963 28 July 1963 147 days Military —[y] Pedro Vargas Prada None
38 Fernando Belaúnde Terry
(1912–2002)		 28 July 1963 3 October 1968
(deposed)		 5 years, 67 days Popular Action 1963 Edgardo Seoane Mario Polar Ugarteche
39 Juan Velasco Alvarado
(1910–1977)		 3 October 1968 29 August 1975
(deposed)		 6 years, 330 days Military Coup d'état Edgardo Mercado Jarrín None
40 Francisco Morales Bermúdez
(1921–2022)		 30 August 1975 28 July 1980 4 years, 333 days Military Coup d'état Pedro Richter Prada None
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Presidents of the Republic of Peru (1980–present)

More information Presidents of the Republic of Peru (1980–present), No. ...
Presidents of the Republic of Peru (1980–present)
No. Portrait President
(Birth–Death)		 Took office Left office Time in office Party Election 1st Vice President 2nd Vice President
41 Fernando Belaúnde Terry
(1912–2002)
2nd term		 28 July 1980 28 July 1985 5 years Popular Action 1980 Fernando Schwalb Javier Alva Orlandini
42 Alan García
(1949–2019)
2nd term		 28 July 1985 28 July 1990 5 years Peruvian Aprista Party 1985 Luis Alberto Sánchez Luis Alva Castro
43 Alberto Fujimori
(1938–2024)
[z][aa]		 28 July 1990 21 November 2000
(deposed)		 10 years, 116 days Change 90
(1990–1995)
New Majority
(1995–2000)
Peru 2000
(2000)		 1990 Máximo San Román Carlos García y García
1992 self-coup Jaime Yoshiyama[ab] None
—[b]
1995 Ricardo Márquez Flores César Paredes Canto
2000[ac] Francisco Tudela Ricardo Márquez Flores
44 Valentín Paniagua
(1936–2006)		 22 November 2000 28 July 2001 248 days Popular Action —[ad] None
45 Alejandro Toledo
(born 1946)		 28 July 2001 28 July 2006 5 years Possible Peru 2001 Raúl Diez-Canseco
(2001–2004)		 David Waisman
46 Alan García
(1949–2019)		 28 July 2006 28 July 2011 5 years Peruvian Aprista Party 2006 Luis Giampietri Lourdes Mendoza
47 Ollanta Humala
(born 1962)		 28 July 2011 28 July 2016 5 years Peruvian Nationalist Party 2011 Marisol Espinoza
(2011–2012)		 Omar Chehade
48 Pedro Pablo Kuczynski
(born 1938)		 28 July 2016 23 March 2018
(resigned)		 1 year, 238 days Peruvians for Change 2016 Martín Vizcarra Mercedes Aráoz
49 Martín Vizcarra
(born 1963)		 23 March 2018 9 November 2020
(impeached)		 2 years, 231 days Independent —[i] None Mercedes Aráoz
50 Manuel Merino
(born 1961)		 10 November 2020 15 November 2020
(resigned)		 5 days Popular Action —[ad] None
51 Francisco Sagasti
(born 1944)		 17 November 2020 28 July 2021 253 days Purple Party —[ad] None
52 Pedro Castillo
(born 1969)		 28 July 2021 7 December 2022
(impeached)		 1 year, 132 days Free Peru 2021 Dina Boluarte None
53 Dina Boluarte
(born 1962)		 7 December 2022 10 October 2025
(impeached)		 2 years, 307 days Independent —[i] None
54 José Jerí
(born 1986)		 10 October 2025 17 February 2026
(censured)		 130 days We Are Peru —[ad] None
55 José María Balcázar
(born 1943)		 18 February 2026 Incumbent 29 days Free Peru —[ad] None
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Timeline

José María BalcázarJosé JeríDina BoluartePedro CastilloFrancisco SagastiManuel MerinoMartín VizcarraPedro Pablo KuczynskiOllanta HumalaAlejandro ToledoValentín PaniaguaAlberto FujimoriAlan GarcíaFrancisco Morales BermúdezJuan Velasco AlvaradoFernando Belaúnde TerryNicolás Lindley LópezRicardo Pérez GodoyManuel OdríaJosé Luis Bustamante y RiveroManuel Prado UgartecheDavid Samanez OcampoLuis Miguel Sánchez CerroÓscar BenavidesGuillermo BillinghurstAugusto LeguíaJosé Pardo y BarredaSerapio CalderónManuel CandamoEduardo López de RomañaJustiniano BorgoñoRemigio Morales BermúdezAndrés Avelino CáceresMiguel IglesiasLizardo MonteroFrancisco García CalderónNicolás de PiérolaLuis La PuertaManuel Pardo y LavalleMariano Herencia ZevallosTomás GutiérrezJosé BaltaPedro Diez CansecoMariano Ignacio PradoJuan Antonio PezetMiguel de San RománJosé Rufino EcheniqueRamón CastillaManuel Ignacio de VivancoJuan Francisco de VidalManuel MenéndezFelipe SalaverryLuis José de OrbegosoAgustín GamarraJosé de La MarSimón BolívarJosé Bernardo de TagleJosé de la Riva AgüeroJosé de San Martín

Addendum

Those who are mentioned in the following list were sworn in as presidents of Peru, because of a political crisis, however, they never came to govern:[87]

More information President (Birth–Death), Took office ...
President
(Birth–Death)		 Took office Left office Time in
office		 Form of entry Vice President
— Carlos García y García
(1927–2016)		 5 April 1992[88] 20 April 1992 15 days Constitutional succession
(Second Vice President)		 None
Máximo San Román
(born 1946)		 21 April 1992[89] 5 January 1993[ae] 259 days Constitutional succession
(First Vice President)		 Carlos García y García
Mercedes Aráoz
Acting president
(born 1961)		 30 September 2019[90] 1 October 2019[91] 1 day Constitutional succession
(Second Vice President)		 None
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See also

Notes

  1. [a]
    The official website of Congress includes a list of "presidents and rulers of the Republic" from 1821 until 2021. It lists a total of 130 governments from José de San Martín until Pedro Castillo, but does not separate constitutional presidents from dictators and other interim rulers.
  2. [b]
    Appointed by Congress
  3. [c]
    José Bernardo de Tagle was already appointed "Supreme chief” by Antonio José de Sucre on 17 July 1823. This was then made official on 7 August.[8]
  4. [d]
    Supreme Political and Military Authority of the Peruvian Republic, holder of the Dictatorial Power.
  5. [e]
    Bolivar was declared deposed in an Open cabildo on 27 January 1843, after a popular uprising against his rule. Andrés de Santa Cruz had been the de facto governor of Peru in the name of Bolivar.[12]
  6. [f]
    The Electoral colleges were convened for the elections of Congress and Gamarra's successor as president. However, these Colleges only met partially, and thus the elections were thwarted.[18] Electoral Colleges were abolished in 1895.[19]
  7. [g]
    Already proclaimed Protector of the South (17 March) and North (8 August) republics.[23][24]
  8. [h]
    As President of the Council of State of Peru in charge of the Executive.
  9. [i]
    Constitutional succession
  10. [j]
    Proclaimed "Supreme Director" on 28 January 1843, in the South.[35] Vivanco's supporters deposed Figuerola in Lima, recognized Vivanco as Head of state, and installed a provisional government led by very short-lived directors: Eleuterio Aramburú (19-21 March), José Rufino Echenique (21-27 March), and Juan Antonio Pezet (27 March-7 April).[36][37]
  11. [k]
    The civil war continued until the Battle of Carmen Alto of 22 July 1844, in which Vivanco and his forces were finally defeated.
  12. [l]
    Already proclaimed provisory president on 1 May 1854, in Cuzco.[44]
  13. [m]
    As 2º Vice President in charge of the Executive.
  14. [n]
    Ramón Castilla ruled as the de facto interim president until 9 April.[48]
  15. [o]
    He is not listed in the official list of Peruvian heads of State,[49] but he does appear as president in the list of presidential messages.[50] Contemporary records clearly show that he was sworn as President of the Republic.[51][52]
  16. [p]
    Already proclaimed Supreme Leader on 25 June.[54]
  17. [q]
    As Provisional Supreme Chief from 1865 to 1867, as Provisional President in 1867, and as constitutional President of Peru from 1867 to 1868. His first presidency is not included in the official list of Peruvian rulers. He only appears as Supreme Chief in 1865–1867,[49] but the official list of presidential messages recognizes him as president in 1867.[50]
  18. [r]
    As 1º Vice president in charge of the Executive.
  19. [s]
    His presidency in 1881 is not included in the official list of Peruvian rulers. He only appears as Supreme Chief in 1879–1881.[49]
  20. [t]
    Appointed by Congress of Ayacucho
  21. [u]
    Elected provisory president in Open cabildo on 22 February 1881, de facto since 12 March.[67]
  22. [v]
    Appointed by Congress of Chorrillos
  23. [w]
    Appointed by the North Assembly
  24. [x]
    Electoral fraud; his party was the only candidate.
  25. [y]
    Appointed by Military Junta
  26. [z]
    De jure figurehead, de facto leadership by Vladimiro Montesinos[84][85]
  27. [aa]
    As President of the Government of Emergency and National Reconstruction of Peru between 22 April 1992 and 5 January 1993.
  28. [ab]
    As president of the Democratic Constituent Congress established on 5 January 1993.[86]
  29. [ac]
    Electoral fraud.
  30. [ad]
    Succeeded to the presidency as President of Congress.
  31. [ae]
    Date of the inauguration of the Democratic Constituent Congress that ratified Fujimori as president.[86]

References

Sources

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