Oropendola
Genus of birds
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Oropendolas are a genus of passerine birds, Psarocolius, in the New World blackbird family Icteridae which are native to Central and South America.
| Oropendola | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Montezuma oropendola (Psarocolius montezuma) | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Icteridae |
| Genus: | Psarocolius Wagler, 1827 |
| Type species | |
| Oriolus cristatus[1] Gmelin, 1788 | |
| Species | |
|
See text | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
They were once divided into two or three separate genera, but this is no longer the case. All oropendolas are large birds with pointed bills and long tails that are at least partly bright yellow. Males are typically larger than females. The plumage is typically chestnut, dark brown or black, although the green oropendola and olive oropendola have, as their names imply, an olive coloration to the head, breast and upper back. The legs are dark, but the bill is usually a strikingly contrasting feature, either pale yellow, or red-tipped with a green or black base. In several species there is also a blue or pink bare cheek patch.
Oropendolas are birds associated with forests or, for a few species, more open woodland. These social birds feed on large insects and fruit. They are highly vocal and produce a wide variety of songs and calls, sometimes including mimicry. They are colonial breeders, with several long woven basket nests in a tree, each hanging from the end of a branch.
Systematics
The following species are recognised in the genus Psarocolius:
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black oropendola
|
Psarocolius guatimozinus (Bonaparte, 1853) |
northwestern Colombia and the extreme southeastern part of Panama |
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC
|
| Chestnut-headed oropendola
|
Psarocolius wagleri (Gray, GR, 1844) Two subspecies
|
the Caribbean coastal lowlands from southern Mexico to central Costa Rica, both slopes of southern Costa Rica and Panama, and the Pacific lowlands of Colombia and north-eastern Ecuador. |
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC
|
| Russet-backed oropendola
|
Psarocolius angustifrons (Spix, 1824) Seven subspecies
|
Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil |
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC
|
| Dusky-green oropendola
|
Psarocolius atrovirens (Lafresnaye & D'Orbigny, 1838) |
Peru (Huánuco) to Bolivia(Santa Cruz) |
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC
|
| Green oropendola
|
Psarocolius viridis (Müller, 1776) |
Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, Brazil, Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru |
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC
|
| Crested oropendola
|
Psarocolius decumanus (Pallas, 1769) Four subspecies
|
from Panama and Colombia south to northern Argentina, as well as on Trinidad and Tobago |
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC
|
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Former species
Four species of oropendola were formerly classified within the genus Gymnostinops; alternatively, the crested oropendola (and possibly others) would have also been placed here (Price & Lanyon 2002):
- Montezuma oropendola (Psarocolius montezuma)
- Baudo oropendola (Psarocolius cassini)
- Olive oropendola (Psarocolius bifasciatus)
Price & Lanyon (2002) used mtDNA cytochrome b and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 sequence data to research oropendola phylogeny. As can be observed from morphology, the band-tailed (Ocyalus latirostris) and the casqued oropendolas (Psarocolius oseryi) are the most distinct species. Genetically, they appear to be more closely related to the caciques, and both species would be classified in the genus Ocyalus. Furthermore, the casqued oropendola could be separated into Clypicterus, forming what would then become a monotypic genus (like Ocyalus). Below is a cladogram based on the 2002 phylogenetic analysis' maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree:
