Quechumaran languages
Proposed language family of South America
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Quechumaran or Kechumaran is a language family proposal that unites Quechua and Aymaran. Quechuan languages, especially those of the south, share a large amount of vocabulary with Aymara. The hypothesis of the existence of Quechuamara was originally posted by linguist Norman McQuown in 1955.[1] Terrence Kaufman[2] finds the proposal reasonably convincing, but Willem Adelaar, a Quechua specialist, believes the similarities to be caused by borrowing during long-term contact.[3] Lyle Campbell suspects that the proposal is valid but does not consider it to have been conclusively proved.[4]
distributionAndes
| Quechumaran | |
|---|---|
| (controversial) | |
| Geographic distribution | Andes |
| Linguistic classification | Proposed language family |
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | None |
Moulian et al. (2015) posits the Puquina language of the Tiwanaku Empire as a possible source for some of the shared vocabulary between Quechua, Aymara and Mapuche.[5]
An automated computational analysis (ASJP 4) by Müller et al. (2013)[6] also groups Quechuan and Aymaran together. However, since the analysis was automatically generated, the grouping could be either due to mutual lexical borrowing or genetic inheritance.
Swadesh lists
100-word Swadesh lists of Proto-Aymaran and Proto-Quechuan from Cerrón (2000):[7]
no. gloss Proto-Quechuan Proto-Aymaran 1. I *ya-qa *na-ya 2. you *qam *huma 3. we *ya-qa-nčik *hiwa-sa 4. this *kay *aka 5. that *čay *uka 6. who? *pi *qači 7. what? *ima *qu 8. not *mana *hani 9. all *λapa *taqi 10. many *ačka *aλuqa 11. one *ŝuk *maya 12. two *iŝkay *paya 13. big *hatu(n) *haĉ’a 14. long *suni *suni 15. small *učuk *hisk’a 16. woman *warmi *marmi 17. man *qari *čača 18. person *runa *haqi 19. fish *čaλwa *čǎλwa 20. bird *pisqu *amač’i 21. dog *aλqu *anu(qa) 22. louse *usa *lap’a 23. tree *maλki *quqa 24. seed *muhu *atʰa 25. leaf *rapra *lapʰi 26. root *sapʰi *asu 27. bark *qara *siλp’i 28. skin *qara *lip’iči 29. flesh *ayča *hanči 30. blood *yawar *wila 31. bone *tuλu *ĉ’aka 32. grease *wira *lik’i 33. egg *runtu / *ruru *k’awna 34. horn *waqra *waqra 35. tail *ĉupa *wič’inkʰa 36. feather *pʰuru *pʰuyu 37. hair *aqča / *čukča *nik’uĉa 38. head *uma *p’iqi 39. ear *rinri *hinču 40. eye *ñawi *nawra 41. nose *sinqa *nasa 42. mouth *simi *laka 43. tooth *kiru *laka ĉ’akʰa 44. tongue *qaλu *laqra 45. claw *ŝiλu *šiλu 46. foot *ĉaki *kayu 47. knee *qunqur *qhunquru 48. hand *maki *ampara 49. belly *paĉa / *wiksa *puĉa(ka) 50. neck *kunka *kunka 51. breasts *ñuñu *ñuñu 52. heart *ŝunqu *čuyma 53. liver *k’ipĉa(n) *k’ipĉa 54. drink *upya- *uma- 55. eat *mikʰu- *manq’a- / *palu- 56. bite *kani- *aĉu- 57. see *rikʰu- *uλa- 58. hear *uya- *iša- 59. know *yaĉa- *yaĉi- 60. sleep *puñu- *iki- 61. die *wañu- *hiwa- 62. kill *wañu-či- *hiwa-ya- 63. swim *wayt’a- *tuyu- 64. fly *pʰaya-ri- *hala- 65. walk *puri- *sara- / *wasa- 66. come *ŝa-mu- *huta- 67. lie *anĉ’a-ra- *haqu-ši- 68. sit *taya-ku- *uta-ĉ’a- 69. stand *ŝaya-ri- *saya- 70. give *qu- *čura- 71. say *ñi- *saya- 72. sun *rupay *lupi 73. moon *kiλa *paqši 74. star *quyλur *wara(wara) 75. water *yaku *uma 76. rain *tamya / *para *haλu 77. stone *rumi *qala 78. sand *aqu *č’aλa 79. earth *paĉa *uraqi 80. cloud *pʰuyu / *pukutay *qhinaya / *urpi 81. smoke *q’usñi / *quntay *iwq’i 82. fire *nina *nina 83. ashes *uĉpa *qhiλa 84. burn *k’añay *nak’a- 85. path *ñayani *tʰaki 86. mountain *urqu *quλu 87. red *puka *čupika 88. green *q’umir / *ĉiqya(q) *č’uqña 89. yellow *q’iλu / *qarwa *tuyu 90. white *yuraq *anq’u 91. black *yana *ĉ’iyara 92. night *tuta *aruma 93. hot *q’unu *hunĉ’u 94. cold *čiri *tʰaya 95. full *hunta *pʰuqa 96. new *muŝuq *mačaqa 97. good *aλi *aski 98. round *muyu *muruqu 99. dry *čaki *waña 100. name *suti *suti
Further reading
- Orr, C. J.; Longacre, R. E. (1968). Proto Quechumaran. Language, 44:528-55.
