Voiceless dental and alveolar trills
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨r̥⟩ in IPA
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Voiceless dental and alveolar trills are a type of consonantal sound. They differ from their cognate /r/ only by the vibrations of the vocal cord. It occurs in a few languages, usually alongside the voiced version, as a similar phoneme or an allophone.
IPA number122 402A
X-SAMPA
r_0| Voiceless alveolar trill | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| r̥ | |||
| IPA number | 122 402A | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| X-SAMPA | r_0 | ||
| |||
| Voiceless dental trill | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| r̪̊ | |||
| Encoding | |||
| X-SAMPA | r_d_0 | ||
| |||
Proto-Indo-European *sr developed into a sound written as ⟨ῥ⟩, with the letter for /r/ and the diacritic for /h/, in Ancient Greek. It was probably a voiceless alveolar trill and became the regular word-initial allophone of /r/ in standard Attic Greek that has disappeared in Modern Greek.
- *Proto-Indo-European *srew- > Ancient Greek ῥέω "flow", possibly [r̥é.ɔː]
Features
Features of a voiceless alveolar trill:
- Its manner of articulation is trill, which means it is produced by directing air over an articulator so that it vibrates.
- Its place of articulation is dental, alveolar or post-alveolar, which means it is articulated behind upper front teeth, at the alveolar ridge or behind the alveolar ridge. It is most often apical, which means that it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue.[1]
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Dental
Alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dharumbal[3] | barhi | [ˈbar̥i] | 'stone' | Contrasts with /r/. | |
| Dutch | ver | [vɛr̥] | 'far' | Possible word-final allophone of /r/. | |
| Estonian[4] | kasv | [ˈkɑsv̥] | 'growth' | Word-final allophone of /r/ after /t, s, h/.[4] For example, kasar [ˈkɑsɑr̥] ‘(dial.) ridge’, where /r/ is voiceless. See Estonian phonology | |
| Icelandic | hrafn | [ˈr̥apn̥] | 'raven' | Contrasts with /r/. For some speakers it may actually be a voiceless flap. Also illustrates [n̥]. See Icelandic phonology | |
| Kildin Sámi | yҏҏт | [ˈur̥ːt] | 'east' | Contrasts with /r/, /rʲ/, and /r̥ʲ/. | |
| Konda[5] | puRi | [pur̥i] | 'ant hill' | Contrasts /ɾ r r̥ ɽ/.[6] | |
| Lezgian[7] | крчар / krčar | [ˈkʰr̥t͡ʃar] | 'horns' | Allophone of /r/ between voiceless obstruents. | |
| Limburgish | Hasselt dialect[8] | geer | [ɣeːr̥] | 'odour' | Possible word-final allophone of /r/; may be uvular [ʀ̥] instead.[9] See Hasselt dialect phonology |
| Moksha | нархне / närhn'e | [ˈnar̥nʲæ] | 'these grasses' | Contrasts with /r/: нарня [ˈnarnʲæ] "short grass". It has the palatalized counterpart /r̥ʲ/: марьхне [ˈmar̥ʲnʲæ] "these apples", but марьня [ˈmarʲnʲæ] "little apple" | |
| Nivkh | Amur dialect | р̌ы / řy | [r̥ɨ] | 'door' | Contrasts with /r/. In the Sakhalin dialect, typically fricated ⟨r̝̊⟩. |
| Northern Sámi | čahrrat | [ˈt͡ʃar̥.r̥ah(t)] | 'to talk or laugh noisily' | ||
| Polish | krtań | [ˈkr̥täɲ̟] | 'larynx' | Allophone of /r/ when surrounded by voiceless consonants, or word finally after voiceless consonants. See Polish phonology | |
| Ukrainian[10] | центр / centr | [t̪͡s̪ɛn̪t̪r̥] | 'centre' | Word-final allophone of /r/ after /t/.[10] See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Welsh | Rhagfyr | ⓘ | 'December' | Contrasts with /r/. See Welsh phonology | |
| Yaygirr | dirha | [ˈdir̥a] | 'tooth' | Contrasts with /r/. | |
| Zapotec | Quiegolani[11] | rsil | [r̥sil] | 'early' | Allophone of /r/.[11] |
Voiceless alveolar fricative trill
| Voiceless alveolar fricative trill | |
|---|---|
| r̝̊ | |
| r̻̊ | |
| IPA number | 122 402A 429 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA | r_0_r |
A voiceless alveolar fricative trill is not known to occur as a phoneme in any language, except possibly the East Sakhalin dialect of Nivkh. It occurs allophonically in Czech.
Features
Features of a voiceless alveolar fricative trill:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative trill, which means it is a non-sibilant fricative and a trill pronounced simultaneously.
- Its place of articulation is laminal alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Czech[12][13] | příliš | ⓘ | 'too (much)' | Allophone of /r̝/ after voiceless consonants;[14][13] may be a tapped fricative instead.[13] See Czech phonology | |
| Norwegian | Areas around Narvik[15] | norsk | [nɔr̝̊k] | 'Norwegian' | Allophone of the sequence /ɾs/ before voiceless consonants.[15] |
| Some subdialects of Trøndersk[15] | |||||
| Nivkh | (East) Sakhalin dialect | р̌ы / řy | [r̝̊ɨ] | 'door' | Contrasts with /r/. In the Amur dialect, typically realized as ⟨r̥⟩. |
| Polish | Some dialects | przyjść | [ˈpr̝̊ɘjɕt͡ɕ] | 'to come' | Allophone of /r̝/ after voiceless consonants for speakers that do not merge it with /ʐ/. Present in areas from Starogard Gdański to Malbork and those south, west and northwest of them, area from Lubawa to Olsztyn to Olecko to Działdowo, south and east from Wieleń, around Wołomin, southeast from Ostrów Mazowiecka and west from Siedlce, from Brzeg to Opole and those north of them, and roughly from Racibórz to Nowy Targ. Most speakers, including speakers of standard Polish, pronounce it the same as /ʂ/, and speakers maintaining the distinction (which is mostly the elderly) sporadically do so too. |
| Silesian | Gmina Istebna | [example needed] | Allophone of /r̝/ after voiceless consonants. It is pronounced the same as /ʂ/ in most Polish dialects. | ||
| Jablunkov | [example needed] | ||||