Chanyu
Emperor title of the Xiongnu
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Chanyu (simplified Chinese: 单于; traditional Chinese: 單于; pinyin: Chányú) or Shanyu (Chinese: 善于), short for Chengli Gutu Chanyu (Chinese: 撐犁孤塗單于; pinyin: Chēnglí Gūtu Chányú), was the title used by the supreme rulers of Inner Asian nomads for eight centuries until superseded by the title "Khagan" in 402 AD.[3] The title was most famously used by the ruling Luandi clan of the Xiongnu during the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) and Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD). It was later also used infrequently by the Chinese as a reference to Tujue leaders.
Etymology
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According to the Book of Han, "the Xiongnu called the Heaven (天) 'Chēnglí' (撐犁) and they called a child (子) gūtú (孤塗). As for Chányú (單于), it is a "vast [and] great appearance" (廣大之貌).".[4]
L. Rogers and Edwin G. Pulleyblank argue that the title chanyu may be equivalent to the later attested title tarkhan, suggesting that the Chinese pronunciation was originally dān-ĥwāĥ, an approximation for *darxan.[5] Linguist Alexander Vovin tentatively proposes a Yeniseian etymology for 撐犁孤塗單于, in Old Chinese pronunciation *treng-ri kwa-la dar-ɢwā, from four roots: **tɨŋgɨr- "heaven",[6][7] *kwala- "son, child", *dar "lower reaches of the Yenisei" or "north", and *qʌ̄j ~ *χʌ̄j "prince"; as a whole "Son of Heaven, Ruler of the North".[8][9]
Bailey derives from Proto-Iranian *tark- "to speak, command", from Proto-Indo-European *telkʷ-. He also compares a Saka title with the same semantic shift. Compare also Khotanese ttarkana and Ossetian tærxon. [10]
Dybo derives from a Turkic root meaning "vast as the sky", and compares Old Uyghur *tarḳan- and tarḳar-.[11] The Old Uyghur tarḳan- listed in her work is not found in Wilkens (2021),[12] and Caferoğlu (1968)[13] glosses tarḳan- as "to feel embarrassed, to get tired of, to worry". tarḳar-, meanwhile, is glossed by both as "to expel, to distance oneself from something; to destroy, to expunge".
List of Xiongnu chanyus
| Title | Reconstructed Han period's late Old Chinese and Later Han Chinese pronunciations[14] | Personal Name | Reign |
|---|---|---|---|
| Touman (頭曼單于/头曼单于) | *do-mɑnᴬ | 220–209 BC | |
| Modu Chanyu (冒頓單于/冒顿单于) | *mouᴴ-tuən/mək-tuən < *mûh-tûn/mə̂k-tûn[a] | 209–174 BC | |
| Laoshang Chanyu (老上單于/老上单于) | *louB-dźaŋC | Jiyu (稽鬻) | 174–161 BC |
| Junchen Chanyu (軍臣單于/军臣单于) | *kun-gin | 161–126 BC | |
| Yizhixie Chanyu (伊稚斜單于/伊稚斜单于) | *ʔi-ḍiᴴ-ja | 126–114 BC | |
| Wuwei Chanyu (烏維/乌维) | *ʔɑ-wi | 114–105 BC | |
| Er Chanyu (兒[b]單于/儿单于) | *ńe | Wushilu (烏師廬/乌师庐) | 105–102/101 BC |
| Xulihu Chanyu (呴犛湖/呴犁湖) / Goulihu (句犁湖) | *hɨo-li-gɑ / *ko-li-ga | 102/101–101/100 BC | |
| Qiedihou (且鞮侯)[c] | *tsiɑ-te-go | 101/100–96 BC | |
| Hulugu Chanyu (狐鹿姑單于/狐鹿姑单于) | *ɣuɑ-lok-kɑ | 96–85 BC | |
| Huyandi Chanyu (壺衍鞮單于/壺衍鞮单于) | *ɣɑ-janB/H-te | 85–68 BC | |
| Xulüquanqu Chanyu (虛閭權渠單于/虚闾权渠单于) | *hɨɑ-liɑ-gyan-gɨɑ | 68–60 BC | |
| Woyanqudi Chanyu (握衍朐鞮單于/握衍朐鞮单于) | *ʔɔk-janB/H-hɨo-te | Tuqitang (屠耆堂/ 屠耆堂) | 60–58 BC |
| Huhanye Chanyu (呼韓邪單于/呼韩邪单于) | *hɑ-gɑn-ja | Jihoushan[16]: 59 ( 稽侯狦) |
58–31 BC Tuqi 屠耆單于, 58–56 BC Hujie 呼揭單于, 57 BC Juli 車犂單于, 57–56 BC Wuji 烏籍單于, 57 BC Runzhen 閏振單于, 56–54 BC Zhizhi Chanyu 郅支單于, 55–36 BC Yilimu 伊利目單于, 49 BC |
| Fuzhulei Ruodi Chanyu[16]: 86 (復株纍若鞮[d]單于/复株累若鞮单于) |
*ńak-te | Diaotaomogao (彫陶莫皋/雕陶莫皋)[16]: 86 | 31–20 BC |
| Souxie Chanyu[16]: 86 (搜諧若鞮單于/搜谐若鞮单于) |
*so-gɛi / *ṣu-gɛi | Jumixu[16]: 86 (且麋胥) |
20–12 BC |
| Juya Chanyu[16]: 87 (車牙若鞮單于/车牙若鞮单于) |
*kɨɑ-ŋa | Jumoju[16]: 87 (且莫車/攣鞮且莫車) |
12–8 BC |
| Wuzhuliu Chanyu[16]: p. 87 (烏珠留若鞮單于/乌珠留若鞮单于) | *ʔɑ-tśo-liu | Nangzhiyasi/Zhi [18][page needed] (囊知牙斯) |
8 BC – 13 AD |
| Wulei Chanyu[16]: 105–107 (烏累若鞮單于/乌累若鞮单于) | *ʔɑ-lui | Xian (鹹/挛鞮咸) | 13–18 AD |
| Huduershidaogao Chanyu[16]: 108–109 (呼都而屍道皋若鞮單于/呼都而尸道皋若鞮单于) | *hɑ-tɑ-ńɨ-śi-douH-kou | Yu (輿/挛鞮舆) | 18–46 AD |
| Wudadihou (烏達鞮侯/乌达鞮侯)[18]: 878 | *ʔɑ-dɑt-te-ɡo | 46 AD |
Notes
- a.k.a. Chedihou
- 若鞮 (pinyin ruòdī), glossed as "respectful to parents;[16]: 107 filial piety"[17] in Hànshū; Pulleyblank reconstructs 若鞮's Early Middle Chinese pronunciation as *njak-tei & instead compares this to Tocharian A ñäkci or Toch. B ñäkc(i)ye "godly, heavenly"
Northern Xiongnu
| Chinese name | Reign |
|---|---|
| Punu Chanyu (蒲奴) | 46–? AD |
| Youliu[18][page needed] (優留) | ?–87 AD |
| Northern Chanyu (北單于) | 88–? AD |
| Yuchujian[18][page needed] (於除鞬單于) | 91–93 AD |
| Feng-hou (逢侯) | 94–118 AD |
Southern Xiongnu
| Name | Notes | Reign |
|---|---|---|
| Sutuhu/Bi (蘇屠胡/比) Huhanxie the Second (呼韓邪第二) Xiluo Shizhu Ti (醯落尸逐鞮) |
Brought the southern Xiongnu into tributary relations with Han China in AD 50 | 48–56/55 AD |
| Qiufu Youti/Mo (丘浮尤提) |
55/56–56/57 AD | |
| Yifa Yulüti/Han (伊伐於慮提) |
56/57–59 AD | |
| Xitong Shizhu Houti/Shi (醯僮尸逐侯提) |
59–63 AD | |
| Qiuchu Julinti/Su 丘除車林提 |
63 AD | |
| Huxie Shizhu Houti/Chang (湖邪尸逐侯提) |
63–85 AD | |
| Yitu Yulüti/Xuan (伊屠於閭提/宣) |
85–88 AD | |
| Tuntuhe[18][page needed] Shulan[16]: 130–134 Xiulan Shizhu Houti (休蘭尸逐侯提) |
88–93 AD | |
| Anguo[18][page needed] (安國) | Started a large scale rebellion against the Han | 93–94 AD |
| Shizi[18][page needed] (師子) Tingdu Shizhu Houti (亭獨尸逐侯提) |
94–98 AD | |
| Wanshishizhudi/Tan (萬氏尸逐侯提/檀) | Opposed by Feng Shanyu | 98-124AD 98–118 AD |
| Wujihoushizhudi/Ba (烏稽尸逐侯提/拔) |
124–127/128 AD | |
| Xiuli (休利) Qute Ruoshi Zhujiu (去特若尸逐就)[18][page needed] |
Committed suicide under Chinese pressure | 127/128–140/142? |
| Cheniu[18][page needed] | Popularly elected | 140–143 AD |
| Toulouchu (兜樓儲)[16]: 144 Hulan Ruoshi Zhujiu(呼蘭若尸逐就) |
Appointed puppet at the Chinese court | 143–147 AD |
| Jucheer (居車兒)[18][page needed] Yiling Ruoshi Zhujiu (伊陵若尸逐就) |
Puppet Chinese appointee that escaped Chinese control; incarcerated by Chinese in 158 AD | 147–158 AD (d. 172 AD) |
| Tute Ruoshi Zhujiu (屠特若尸逐就)[16]: 145 (True name unknown; the Chinese moniker has negative connotation; confirmed by Chinese Court as Chanyu in 172 AD) | 158–178 AD | |
| Huzheng[16]: 145 (呼徵) | 178–179 AD | |
| Qiangqu (羌渠) |
Jiangqu;[18][page needed] killed in Xiuchuge Xiongnu rebellion | 179–188 AD |
| Yufuluo (於扶羅) Chizhi Shizhuhou (特至尸逐侯)[citation needed] |
Exiled puppet chanyu, overthrown in the Ordos by the Southern Xiongnu rebels led by the Xiuchuge and Xiluo clans. Led dozens of refugee Xiongnu tribes to Pingyang in Shanxi. | 188–195 AD |
| Marquis of Xubu (須卜骨都侯) (True name unknown) | Installed by the Xiuchuge and rebel faction after they ousted Yufuluo. After his death, his followers abolished the chanyu title and replaced him with a nominal king, but Yufuluo continued to claim the chanyu title in exile. | 188–189 AD |
| Huchuquan (呼廚泉) | Yufuluo's brother,[18][page needed] he ruled over the Pingyang Xiongnu. After Yufuluo died, After he was detained at Ye. In 216, the Chinese court formally abolished the chanyu office. | 195–216 AD |
Da Chanyu
| Chinese name | Data | Personal Name | Reign |
|---|---|---|---|
| Liu Yuan (劉淵) | Founder of the Han-Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Guangwen (光文)[19] | Yuanhai (元海) | 304–? |
| Liu Cong (劉聰) | Han-Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Zhaowu (昭武) | Xuanming (玄明) | 310–? |
| Liu Can (劉粲) | Han-Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Yin (隱) | Shiguang (士光) | ?–? |
| Liu Yin (劉胤) | Han-Zhao state imperial prince | Yisun (義孫) | 325–? |
| Helian Bobo
(赫連勃勃) |
Founder of the Helian Xia state, a.k.a. Emperor Wulie (武烈) | Qujie (屈孑) | 407–? |
Chanyu family trees
| Chanyu Xiongnu rulers family trees | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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