Substituted tryptamine

Class of indoles From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Substituted tryptamines, or simply tryptamines, also known as serotonin analogues (i.e., 5-hydroxytryptamine analogues), are organic compounds which may be thought of as being derived from tryptamine itself. The molecular structures of all tryptamines contain an indole ring system, joined to an amino (NH2) group via an ethyl (−CH2–CH2−) sidechain. In substituted tryptamines, the indole ring, sidechain, and/or amino group are modified by substituting another group for one of the hydrogen (H) atoms.

The structure of substituted tryptamines. Tryptamine itself is obtained when R4=R5=RN1=RN2=Rα = H.
The structure of substituted tryptamines with all positions labeled.

Well-known tryptamines include serotonin, an important neurotransmitter, and melatonin, a hormone involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Tryptamine alkaloids are found in fungi, plants and animals; and sometimes used by humans for the neurological or psychotropic effects of the substance. Prominent examples of tryptamine alkaloids include psilocybin (from "psilocybin mushrooms") and DMT. In South America, dimethyltryptamine is obtained from numerous plant sources, like chacruna, and it is often used in ayahuasca brews. Many synthetic tryptamines have also been made, including the migraine drug sumatriptan, and psychedelic drugs. A 2022 study has found the variety of tryptamines present in wild mushrooms may affect the therapeutic impact.[1]

The tryptamine structure, in particular its indole ring, may be part of the structure of some more complex compounds, for example cyclized tryptamines like LSD, ibogaine, harmaline, mitragynine and yohimbine. A thorough investigation of dozens of tryptamine compounds was published by Alexander Shulgin and Ann Shulgin in 1997 under the title TiHKAL (Tryptamines I Have Known and Loved).[2]

Use and effects

The doses, potencies, durations, and effects of psychedelic tryptamines have been reviewed by Alexander Shulgin and other authors.[3][4][5][6][2][7][8][9][10][11]

Ring-unsubstituted tryptamines

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4-Hydroxytryptamines

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5-Hydroxytryptamines

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5-Methoxytryptamines

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α-Alkyltryptamines

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Other tryptamines

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Interactions

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

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Chemistry

Synthesis

The chemical syntheses of numerous tryptamines have been described by Alexander Shulgin in his book TiHKAL (Tryptamines I Have Known and Loved).[2] A well-known and widely used synthetic approach for making tryptamines is the Speeter–Anthony route, which starts with indole.[38][39][40] Other tryptamine synthesis routes have also been described, for instance starting with tryptamine rather than indole.[38][39] The chemical syntheses of the psychedelic tryptamines bufotenin (5-HO-DMT) and 5-MeO-DMT (mebufotenin) have been comprehensively reviewed.[41]

List of substituted tryptamines

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List of substituted α-alkyltryptamines

α-Alkyltryptamines are a group of substituted tryptamines which possess an alkyl group, such as a methyl or ethyl group, attached at the alpha carbon, and in most cases no substitution on the amine nitrogen.[62][63][64] α-Alkylation of tryptamine makes it much more metabolically stable and resistant to degradation by monoamine oxidase, resulting in increased potency and greatly lengthened half-life.[64] This is analogous to α-methylation of phenethylamine into amphetamine.[64]

Many α-alkyltryptamines are drugs, acting as monoamine releasing agents, non-selective serotonin receptor agonists, and/or monoamine oxidase inhibitors,[65][66][67][68] and produce psychostimulant, entactogen, and/or psychedelic effects.[62][63][64] The most well-known of these agents are α-methyltryptamine (AMT) and α-ethyltryptamine (AET), both of which were used clinically as antidepressants for a brief period of time in the past and are abused as recreational drugs.[63][64] In accordance with its action as a dual releasing agent of serotonin and dopamine, AET has been found to produce serotonergic neurotoxicity similarly to amphetamines like MDMA and PCA, and the same is also likely to hold true for other serotonin and dopamine-releasing α-alkyltryptamines such as AMT, 5-MeO-AMT, and various others.[69]

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List of substituted β-ketotryptamines

A number of β-ketotryptamines (beta-ketotryptamines) are known.[74][76][79] These compounds are α-alkyl-β-ketotryptamines and are analogous to the cathinones (β-ketoamphetamines) of the related phenethylamine family. Known β-ketotryptamines include BK-NM-AMT, BK-5F-NM-AMT, BK-5Cl-NM-AMT, and BK-5Br-NM-AMT.[74][76][79] They act as monoamine releasing agents.[74][76][79]

Cyclized tryptamines

Examples of cyclized tryptamines include:

Other closely related cyclized tryptamine-like compounds include the following:

A number of related compounds are known, with a similar structure but having the indole core flipped (isotryptamines) and/or replaced with related cores such as indene, indoline, indazole, indolizine, benzothiophene, or benzofuran. Like tryptamines, these related compounds are primarily active as agonists at the 5-HT2 family of serotonin receptors, with applications in the treatment of glaucoma, cluster headaches, or as anorectics.

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Overview table

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Simple tryptamines and their common derivatives
Simple4-Hydroxy4-Acetoxy5-Methoxy5-Hydroxy
Tryptamine (T)4-HO-T (dinorpsilocin)4-AcO-T5-MeO-T (O-methylserotonin)5-HO-T (serotonin; 5-HT)
NAcT4-HO-NAcT4-AcO-NAcT5-MeO-NAcT (melatonin)5-HO-NAcT (normelatonin; NAS)
NMT4-HO-NMT (norpsilocin)4-AcO-NMT5-MeO-NMT5-HO-NMT (N-methylserotonin)
NET4-HO-NET4-AcO-NET5-MeO-NET5-HO-NET
NPT4-HO-NPT4-AcO-NPT5-MeO-NPT5-HO-NPT
NiPT4-HO-NiPT4-AcO-NiPT5-MeO-NiPT5-HO-NiPT
NALT4-HO-NALT4-AcO-NALT5-MeO-NALT5-HO-NALT
NBT (NnBT)4-HO-NBT4-AcO-NBT5-MeO-NBT5-HO-NBT
NiBT4-HO-NiBT4-AcO-NiBT5-MeO-NiBT5-HO-NiBT
NsBT4-HO-NsBT4-AcO-NsBT5-MeO-NsBT5-HO-NsBT
NtBT4-HO-NtBT4-AcO-NtBT5-MeO-NtBT5-HO-NtBT
NAT4-HO-NAT4-AcO-NAT5-MeO-NAT5-HO-NAT
NHT4-HO-NHT4-AcO-NHT5-MeO-NHT5-HO-NHT
NcPT4-HO-NcPT4-AcO-NcPT5-MeO-NcPT5-HO-NcPT
NcHT4-HO-NcHT4-AcO-NcHT5-MeO-NcHT5-HO-NcHT
NBnT4-HO-NBnT4-AcO-NBnT5-MeO-NBnT5-HO-NBnT
NBOMeT4-HO-NBOMeT4-AcO-NBOMeT5-MeO-NBOMeT5-HO-NBOMeT
NB3OMeT4-HO-NB3OMeT4-AcO-NB3OMeT5-MeO-NB3OMeT5-HO-NB3OMeT
DMT4-HO-DMT (psilocin)4-AcO-DMT (psilacetin)5-MeO-DMT (mebufotenin)5-HO-DMT (bufotenin)
DET4-HO-DET (ethocin)4-AcO-DET (ethacetin)5-MeO-DET5-HO-DET
DPT4-HO-DPT (deprocin)4-AcO-DPT (depracetin)5-MeO-DPT5-HO-DPT (DiPS, NDPS)
DiPT4-HO-DiPT (iprocin)4-AcO-DiPT (ipracetin)5-MeO-DiPT (foxy)5-HO-DiPT
DALT4-HO-DALT (daltocin)4-AcO-DALT (dalcetin)5-MeO-DALT (foxtrot)5-HO-DALT
DBT4-HO-DBT4-AcO-DBT5-MeO-DBT5-HO-DBT
DiBT4-HO-DiBT4-AcO-DiBT5-MeO-DiBT5-HO-DiBT
DsBT4-HO-DsBT4-AcO-DsBT5-MeO-DsBT5-HO-DsBT
DtBT4-HO-DtBT4-AcO-DtBT5-MeO-DtBT5-HO-DtBT
DAT4-HO-DAT4-AcO-DAT5-MeO-DAT5-HO-DAT
DHT4-HO-DHT4-AcO-DHT5-MeO-DHT5-HO-DHT
DcPT4-HO-DcPT4-AcO-DcPT5-MeO-DcPT5-HO-DcPT
MET4-HO-MET (metocin)4-AcO-MET (metacetin)5-MeO-MET5-HO-MET
MPT4-HO-MPT (meprocin)4-AcO-MPT5-MeO-MPT5-HO-MPT
MiPT4-HO-MiPT (miprocin)4-AcO-MiPT (mipracetin)5-MeO-MiPT (moxy)5-HO-MiPT
MALT4-HO-MALT (maltocin)4-AcO-MALT5-MeO-MALT5-HO-MALT
MBT4-HO-MBT4-AcO-MBT5-MeO-MBT5-HO-MBT
MiBT4-HO-MiBT4-AcO-MiBT5-MeO-MiBT5-HO-MiBT
MsBT4-HO-MsBT4-AcO-MsBT5-MeO-MsBT5-HO-MsBT
MtBT4-HO-MtBT4-AcO-MtBT5-MeO-MtBT5-HO-MtBT
McPT4-HO-McPT4-AcO-McPT5-MeO-McPT5-HO-McPT
McPMT4-HO-McPMT4-AcO-McPMT5-MeO-McPMT5-HO-McPMT
McPeT4-HO-McPeT4-AcO-McPeT5-MeO-McPeT5-HO-McPeT
EPT4-HO-EPT (eprocin)4-AcO-EPT5-MeO-EPT5-HO-EPT
EiPT4-HO-EiPT (eiprocin)4-AcO-EiPT (ethipracetin)5-MeO-EiPT5-HO-EiPT
EALT4-HO-EALT4-AcO-EALT5-MeO-EALT5-HO-EALT
EBT4-HO-EBT4-AcO-EBT5-MeO-EBT5-HO-EBT
EiBT4-HO-EiBT (eibucin)4-AcO-EiBT5-MeO-EiBT5-HO-EiBT
EsBT4-HO-EsBT4-AcO-EsBT5-MeO-EsBT5-HO-EsBT
EtBT4-HO-EtBT4-AcO-EtBT5-MeO-EtBT5-HO-EtBT
EcPT4-HO-EcPT4-AcO-EcPT5-MeO-EcPT5-HO-EcPT
PiPT4-HO-PiPT (piprocin)4-AcO-PiPT5-MeO-PiPT5-HO-PiPT
PALT4-HO-PALT4-AcO-PALT5-MeO-PALT5-HO-PALT
PBT4-HO-PBT4-AcO-PBT5-MeO-PBT5-HO-PBT
PiBT4-HO-PiBT4-AcO-PiBT5-MeO-PiBT5-HO-PiBT
PsBT4-HO-PsBT4-AcO-PsBT5-MeO-PsBT5-HO-PsBT
PtBT4-HO-PtBT4-AcO-PtBT5-MeO-PtBT5-HO-PtBT
PcPT4-HO-PcPT4-AcO-PcPT5-MeO-PcPT5-HO-PcPT
iPALT (ALiPT)4-HO-iPALT4-AcO-iPALT5-MeO-iPALT (ASR-3001)5-HO-iPALT
iPBT (BiPT)4-HO-iPBT4-AcO-iPBT5-MeO-iPBT5-HO-iPBT
iPiBT4-HO-iPiBT4-AcO-iPiBT5-MeO-iPiBT5-HO-iPiBT
iPsBT4-HO-iPsBT4-AcO-iPsBT5-MeO-iPsBT5-HO-iPsBT
iPtBT4-HO-iPtBT4-AcO-iPtBT5-MeO-iPtBT5-HO-iPtBT
iPcPT4-HO-iPcPT4-AcO-iPcPT5-MeO-iPcPT5-HO-iPcPT
TMT4-HO-TMT4-AcO-TMT5-MeO-TMT5-HO-TMT
Pyr-T4-HO-pyr-T4-AcO-pyr-T5-MeO-pyr-T5-HO-pyr-T
Pip-T4-HO-pip-T4-AcO-pip-T5-MeO-pip-T5-HO-pip-T
Mor-T4-HO-mor-T4-AcO-mor-T5-MeO-mor-T5-HO-mor-T
MPMI4-HO-MPMI (lucigenol)4-AcO-MPMI5-MeO-MPMI (CP-108509)5-HO-MPMI
THPI4-HO-THPI4-AcO-THPI5-MeO-THPI (RU-28253)5-HO-THPI
IsoqT4-HO-IsoqT4-AcO-IsoqT5-MeO-IsoqT5-HO-IsoqT
N-DEAOP-NMT4-HO-N-DEAOP-NMT4-AcO-N-DEAOP-NMT5-MeO-N-DEAOP-NMT5-HO-N-DEAOP-NMT
N-DEAOP-NET4-HO-N-DEAOP-NET4-AcO-N-DEAOP-NET5-MeO-N-DEAOP-NET5-HO-N-DEAOP-NET
Notes: (1) Other notable acyloxy derivatives of the above include 4-PrO-DMT, 4-PrO-DiPT, 4-PrO-MET, 4-GO-DMT, and 4-GO-DiPT (luvesilocin). (2) 4-Phosphoroxy derivatives of the above include norbaeocystin (4-PO-T), baeocystin (4-PO-NMT), psilocybin (4-PO-DMT), ethocybin (4-PO-DET), 4-PO-DiPT, 4-PO-MET, and aeruginascin (4-PO-TMT). (3) α-Alkyl derivatives of the above are as follows: Tryptamine: AMT, AET, 4-HO-AMT, 4-HO-AET, 5-MeO-AMT, 5-MeO-AET, and 5-HO-AMT (α-methylserotonin); NMT: α,N-DMT and α,N,O-TMS; NPT: IPAP (α,N-DPT); DMT: α,N,N-TMT and α,N,N,O-TeMS; and no others for the rest.
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