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Timeline and cultural period Westcoast Northwestern Sub-continent (West Punjab-Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) Indo-Gangetic Plain Central India Deccan Plateau Southern India Western Gangetic Plain (Kurukshetra) Northern India (Central Gangetic Plain) Northeastern India (Bengal) South Asian Stone Age (until c. 3300 BCE) South Asian Stone Age (until c. 1100 BCE) Culture Paleolithicum (until c. 10,000 BCE) 70,000 - 10,000 BCE Sanghao Caves Bhimbetka rock shelters (30,000-15,000 BCE) Culture Mesolithicum (c. 10,000-7,000 BCE) Mesolithicum (c. 10,000-3,000 BCE) c. 10,000-7,000 BCE Culture Neolithicum (c. 7000-3300 BCE) Mesolithicum (c. 10,000-3000 BCE) c. 7,000-3,300 BCE Mehrgarh BRONZE AGE (c. 3300-1100 BCE) NEOLITHIC (c. 3000-1400 BCE) Culture Early Harappan 3300-2600 BCE Early Harappan Culture Integration Era 2600-1900 BCE Indus Valley Civilization Indus Valley Civilization Indus Valley Civilization Culture Localisation Era/Late Harappan OCP/Cemetery H 1900-1500 BCE Earliest known rice cultivation[n] Culture Localisation Era/Late Harappan OCP/Cemetery H Early Vedic period Gandhara grave culture Megalithic (c. 1400-1100 BCE) 1500-1300 BCE Indo-Aryan migration 1300-1100 BCE Wandering Vedic Aryans IRON AGE (c. 1100-300 BCE) Culture Middle Vedic Period Gandhara grave culture Black and red ware culture 1100-800 BCE Vedic settlements Gandhara Vedic settlements Kuru Culture Late Vedic Period Gandhara grave culture (Brahmin ideology)[o] early Upanishads Painted Grey Ware culture (Kshatriya/Shramanic culture)[p] Northern Black Polished Ware 800-600 BCE Gandhara Kuru-Pancala Kosala-Videha Culture Late Vedic Period Mahajanapada Gandhara grave culture (Brahmin ideology)[q] early Upanishads Painted Grey Ware culture (Kshatriya/Shramanic culture)[r] Northern Black Polished Ware  6th century BCE Gandhara Kuru-Panchala Kosala Magadha Anga Adivasi (tribes) Culture Persian-Greek influences "Second Urbanisation" Later Upanishads Rise of Shramana movements Jainism - Buddhism - Ājīvika - Yoga Later Upanishads  5th century BCE (Persian rule) Shishunaga dynasty Adivasi (tribes)  4th century BCE (Greek conquests) Nanda empire Kalinga HISTORICAL AGE (after 300 BCE) Culture Spread of Buddhism Pre-history Sangam period (300 BCE – 200 CE)  3rd century BCE Maurya Empire Early Cholas Early Pandyan Kingdom Satavahana dynasty Cheras Culture Preclassical Hinduism[s] - "Hindu Synthesis"[t] (c. 200 BCE-300 CE)[u][v] Epics - Puranas - Ramayana - Mahabharata - Bhagavad Gita - Brahma Sutras - Smarta Tradition Mahayana Buddhism Sangam period (continued) (300 BCE – 200 CE)  2nd century BCE Indo-Greek Kingdom Sunga Empire Adivasi (tribes) Early Cholas Early Pandyan Kingdom Satavahana dynasty Cheras  1st century BCE Yona Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty  1st century CE Indo-Scythians Indo-Parthians Kuninda Kingdom  2nd century Pahlava Varman dynasty  3rd century Kushan Empire Western Satraps Kamarupa kingdom Kalabhras dynasty Culture "Golden Age of Hinduism"(c. 320-650 CE)[w] Puranas Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism  4th century Gupta Empire Kadamba Dynasty Western Ganga Dynasty  5th century Vishnukundina  6th century Maitraka Adivasi (tribes) Culture Late-Classical Hinduism (c. 650-1100 CE)[x] Advaita Vedanta - Tantra Decline of Buddhism in India  7th century Maitraka Indo-Sassanids Vakataka dynasty, Harsha Mlechchha dynasty Adivasi (tribes) Pallava  8th century Kidarite Kingdom Kalachuri  9th century Indo-Hephthalites (Huna) Gurjara-Pratihara Chalukya 10th century Pala dynasty Kamboja-Pala dynasty Rashtrakuta Culture Islamic rule and "Sects of Hinduism" (c. 1100-1850 CE)[y] - Medieval and Late Puranic Period (500–1500 CE)[z] 11th century Western Chalukyas (Islamic conquests) Kabul Shahi (Islamic Empire) Rajputs Pala Empire Paramara dynasty Solanki Eastern Ganga dynasty Sena dynasty Adivasi (tribes) Chola Empire Yadava dynasty Western Chalukyas Eastern Chalukyas Kakatiya dynasty Hoysala Empire 12th century Western Chalukyas Rajputs Paramara dynasty Solanki Eastern Ganga dynasty Chola Empire Yadava dynasty Western Chalukyas Eastern Chalukyas Kakatiya dynasty Hoysala Empire 13th century Delhi Sultanate Chola Empire 14th century Delhi Sultanate Vijayanagara Empire 15th century Delhi Sultanate 16th century Mughal Empire 17th century Mughal Empire Maratha Empire Culture Maratha Empire and British Colonisation - Company rule in India' 18th century Maratha Empire Maratha Empire British Maratha Empire/British Culture British Colonisation - British Raj 19th century Sikh Empire Culture British Raj - Independence struggle - Pakistan - India - Bangladesh' 20th century 21st century References and sources for table References [a] Samuel (2010) p.49 [b] Samuel [c] Samuel [d] Samuel [e] Samuel [f] Michaels (2004) p.39 [g] Hiltebeitel (2002) [h] Michaels (2004) p.39 [i] Hiltebeitel (2002) [j] Micheals (2004) p.40 [k] Michaels (2004) p.41 [l] Michaels (2004) p.43 [m] Flood (1996) p.21-22 [n] Samuel (2010) p.49 [o] Samuel [p] Samuel [q] Samuel [r] Samuel [s] Michaels (2004) p.39 [t] Hiltebeitel (2002) [u] Michaels (2004) p.39 [v] Hiltebeitel (2002) [w] Micheals (2004) p.40 [x] Michaels (2004) p.41 [y] Michaels (2004) p.43 [z] Flood (1996) p.21-22 Sources Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press Hiltebeitel, Alf (2002), Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture", Routledge Michaels, Axel (2004), Hinduism. Past and present, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge University Press

The origins of the Vedic culture lie in the interaction of the proto-Indo-Iranians with the BMAC, approximately 2,000-1,800 BCE, in the area of what is nowadays northern Afganistan. From this area, the Vedic people migrated over the Hindu Kush into the Indus Valley, around 1,500 BCE. The emergence of the proto-Indo-Iranians is part of the Indo-European migrations. These migrations started 4,000 BCE with a diffusion from their origins in the Yamna culture, which was part of the Kurgan horizon. At 2,000 BCE started the migrations out of the Eastern-European steppes. Sources: Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009), Empires of the Silk Road, Princeton University Press chapter 1); Anthony, David W. (2007), The Horse The Wheel And Language., Princeton University Press chapters 14 & 15

James Mill (1773–1836), in his The History of British India (1817),[a] distinguished three phases in the history of India, namely Hindu, Muslim and British civilisations.[b][c] This periodisation has been influential, but has also been criticised, for the misconceptions it has given rise to.[d] Another influential periodisation is the division into "ancient, classical, mediaeval and modern periods".[e] Smart[f] Michaels (overall)[g] Michaels (detailed)[h] Muesse[i] Flood[j] Indus Valley Civilisation and Vedic period (c. 3000–1000 BCE) Prevedic religions (until c. 1750 BCE)[k] Prevedic religions (until c. 1750 BCE)[l] Indus Valley Civilization (3300–1400 BCE) Indus Valley Civilisation (c. 2500 to 1500 BCE) Vedic religion (c. 1750–500 BCE) Early Vedic Period (c. 1750–1200 BCE) Vedic Period (1600–800 BCE) Vedic period (c. 1500–500 BCE) Middle Vedic Period (from 1200 BCE) Pre-classical period (c. 1000 BCE – 100 CE) Late Vedic period (from 850 BCE) Classical Period (800–200 BCE) Ascetic reformism (c. 500–200 BCE) Ascetic reformism (c. 500–200 BCE) Epic and Puranic period (c. 500 BCE to 500 CE) Classical Hinduism (c. 200 BCE – 1100 CE)[m] Preclassical Hinduism (c. 200 BCE – 300 CE)[n] Epic and Puranic period (200 BCE – 500 CE) Classical period (c. 100 – 1000 CE) "Golden Age" (Gupta Empire) (c. 320–650 CE)[o] Late-Classical Hinduism (c. 650–1100 CE)[p] Medieval and Late Puranic Period (500–1500 CE) Medieval and Late Puranic Period (500–1500 CE) Hindu-Islamic civilisation (c. 1000–1750 CE) Islamic rule and "Sects of Hinduism" (c. 1100–1850 CE)[q] Islamic rule and "Sects of Hinduism" (c. 1100–1850 CE)[r] Modern Age (1500–present) Modern period (c. 1500 CE to present) Modern period (c. 1750 CE – present) Modern Hinduism (from c. 1850)[s] Modern Hinduism (from c. 1850)[t] Notes and references for table Notes Smart[u] and Michaels[v] seem to follow Mill's periodisation (Michaels mentions Flood 1996 as a source for "Prevedic Religions".[w]), while Flood[x] and Muesse[y][z] follow the "ancient, classical, mediaeval and modern periods" periodisation.[aa] Different periods are designated as "classical Hinduism": Smart calls the period between 1000 BCE and 100 CE "pre-classical". It's the formative period for the Upanishads and Brahmanism (Smart distinguishes "Brahmanism" from the Vedic religion, connecting "Brahmanism" with the Upanishads.[ab]), Jainism and Buddhism. For Smart, the "classical period" lasts from 100 to 1000 CE, and coincides with the flowering of "classical Hinduism" and the flowering and deterioration of Mahayana-buddhism in India.[ac] For Michaels, the period between 500 BCE and 200 BCE is a time of "Ascetic reformism"[ad], whereas the period between 200 BCE and 1100 CE is the time of "classical Hinduism", since there is "a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions".[ae] Muesse discerns a longer period of change, namely between 800 BCE and 200 BCE, which he calls the "Classical Period". According to Muesse, some of the fundamental concepts of Hinduism, namely karma, reincarnation and "personal enlightenment and transformation", which did not exist in the Vedic religion, developed in this time.[af] References [a] Khanna 2007, p.xvii [b] Khanna 2007, p.xvii [c] Misra 2004, p.194 [d] Kulke 2004, p.7 [e] Flood 1996, p.21 [f] Smart 2003, p.52-53 [g] Michaels 2004 [h] Michaels 2004 [i] Muesse 2011 [j] Flood 1996, p.21-22 [k] Michaels 2004, p.32 [l] Michaels 2004, p.32 [m] Michaels 2004, p.38 [n] Michaels 2004, p.39 [o] Michaels 2004, p.40 [p] Michaels 2004, p.41 [q] Michaels 2004, p.43 [r] Michaels 2004, p.43 [s] Michaels 2004, p.45 [t] Michaels 2004, p.45 [u] Smart 2003, p.52-53 [v] Michaels 2004, p.32 [w] Michaels 2004, p. 31, 348 [x] Flood 1996 [y] Muesse 2003 [z] Muesse 2011 [aa] Muesse 2011, p.16 [ab] Smart 2003, p. 52, 83-86 [ac] Smart 2003, p.52 [ad] Michaels 2004, p.36 [ae] Michaels 2004, p.38 [af] Muesse 2003, p.14 Sources Bentley, Jerry H. (1996), "Cross-Cultural Interaction and Periodization in World History", The American Historical Review. Vol. 101, No. 3 (Jun., 1996), pp. 749-770 Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press Khanna, Meenakshi (2007), Cultural History Of Medieval India, Berghahn Books Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004), A History of India, Routledge Michaels, Axel (2004), Hinduism. Past and present, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press Misra, Amalendu (2004), Identity and Religion: Foundations of Anti-Islamism in India, SAGE Muesse, Mark William (2003), Great World Religions: Hinduism Muesse, Mark W. (2011), The Hindu Traditions: A Concise Introduction, Fortress Press Smart, Ninian (2003), Godsdiensten van de wereld (The World's religions), Kampen: Uitgeverij Kok

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"There is a clear consensus among knowledgeable editors who are familiar with the literature that Indo-Aryan migration is the overwhelmingly predominant view among reliable sources in the field, that any alternatives – aside from religiously and nationally motivated ideologies – are indeed WP:FRINGE, and that the Indo-Aryan migration should therefore be presented as an established historical fact (subject, of course, just to the standard proviso that historical models, as a matter of principle, can hardly ever reach the same amount of certainty as natural laws in the physical sciences; the objection that an historical model isn't "testable" and therefore "not scientific" is an obviou red herring.) Fut.Perf. ☼ 08:51, 27 January 2015 (UTC)"

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