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Citation templates
Samples:
- <ref name=" ">{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |url= |doi= |pmid= |pmc= |hdl= |access-date= }}</ref>
- <ref name=" ">{{cite web |url= |title= |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |archive-url= |archive-date= |url-status= }}</ref>
Help:References and page numbers
Citation template generator – generates completed templates using identifying numbers such as PMIDs (PubMed IDs).
DOI Wikipedia reference generator
reFill
Magnus' reference generator
Citation generator for ISBN, PubMed, PubChem and other sources
Wikipedia citation tool for Google Books
WorldCat library catalog
example of use of Wayback to restore a dead link:

{{cite web|last= Deméré |first= T. |title= SDNHM Fossil Field Guide: ''Panthera atrox'' |website= sdnhm.org |publisher= [[San Diego Natural History Museum]] |url= http://www.sdnhm.org/exhibits/mystery/fg_lion.html |access-date= 2010-05-18 |archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20090625205421/http://www.sdnhm.org/exhibits/mystery/fg_lion.html |archive-date= 2009-06-25 |url-status= dead}}, which displays as:

Deméré, T. "SDNHM Fossil Field Guide: Panthera atrox". sdnhm.org. San Diego Natural History Museum. Archived from the original on 2009-06-25. Retrieved 2010-05-18.

See also WP:Citing_sources#Citation processing tools
To add a cite in the visual editor, place the cursor at the desired location, select 'Cite' and paste the url (eg. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=287207) into the dialogue box. Then select 'Generate' and then 'Insert' before saving. An additional link to the URL is not needed in the reference section as the in-line cite will generate the necessary text. For example, see Chrysaora helvola.

Editing resources

Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines
Wikipedia:You can't follow all the rules, all the time
- "In building consensus, there are times when everyone will argue that such or such change breaks their preferred rule and thus simply can't be made. It's a good time to apply the WP:Ignore all rules policy and focus on how the proposed change makes the encyclopedia better regardless of what the rules say."
Wikipedia:Ignore all rules
- "Don't follow written instructions mindlessly, but rather, consider how the encyclopedia is improved or damaged by each edit."
- "The spirit of the rule trumps the letter of the rule. The common purpose of building a free encyclopedia trumps both. If this common purpose is better served by ignoring the letter of a particular rule, then that rule should be ignored."
- "Editors who insist that rules must be followed for their own sake, without explaining how doing it will improve the encyclopedia, are themselves breaking the rules, as Wikipedia is not a bureaucracy."
Editing markup
Editing cheatsheet
Images
Manual of style
- WP:MOS/Embedded lists
- WP:MOS/Hidden text
Google Books Ngram Viewer is a tool for looking at word usage in books
Google Books usage discussions #1, #2
WP:AutoWikiBrowser
- Wikipedia talk:AutoWikiBrowser/Feature requests/Archive 10#Finding a string in the edit box
- Note the "Highlight Find matches" selection under "Options"

Species article/taxobox resources

Use Template:DISPLAYTITLE to italicize part of an article title
Introduction to taxoboxes
Description of Template:Taxobox
Use the display_parents = parameter to control length of automatic taxoboxes
See Postosuchus article for an example of use of unranked taxa in taxobox
List of biologists
List of zoologists by author abbreviation
Eponym Dictionary of Mammals; cite as:

Beolens, B.; Watkins, M.; Grayson, M. (2009-09-28). The Eponym Dictionary of Mammals. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 319. ISBN 978-0801893049. OCLC 270129903.

Mammals of South America citation example for Proechimys longicaudatus:

Patton, James L.; Leite, Rafael N. (2015-03-09). "Genus Proechimys J. A. Allen, 1899". In Patton, James L.; Pardiñas, Ulyses F. J.; D’Elía, Guillermo (eds.). Mammals of South America, Volume 2: Rodents. University of Chicago Press. pp. 975–977. ISBN 978-0-226-16957-6. OCLC 921432000.

WP:MOS policy on lower case common names of species
Paleobiology Database sample citations:
- "Canis dirus (dire wolf) in the Paleobiology Database". Fossilworks. Retrieved 2014-02-03.
- "Canis dirus (dire wolf) in the Paleobiology Database". Paleobiology Database. Retrieved 2014-02-03.
MSW3 online
MSW3 Google books
MSW3 templates
User:Ucucha/List of mammals
List of missing mammal species
Example of karyotype description: Lesser capybara
IUCN Red List FAQ
IUCN assessment citations – as per the current recommendations for citing assessments as electronic journal articles, the best template to use is the cite iucn template, which is similar but preferable to the cite journal template, as it shortens the citations and facilitates updating links when they are changed, as well as retaining the access date (useful for a periodically updated source). The cite iucn template needs the input of only five fields (it helps to italicize the species name); it can generate the appropriate link from the page number alone (or less preferably, from the id or doi). An example for Myotis levis is:

| status_ref= <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |authors= Barquez, R. & Diaz, M.|title= ''Myotis levis'' (errata version published in 2017)|year= 2016|page= e.T14174A115121699 |accessdate= 19 January 2020}}</ref>

This will be displayed as:
1. "Myotis levis (errata version published in 2017)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T14174A115121699. 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2020. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help) {{cite iucn}}: error: title has extraneous text (help)

The year appears twice, as both a date and volume number.

Converting IUCNs to Cite journals; see also IUCN template discussion
N.B: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in different genus.

Discussions on the syntax of combining a formal taxon name and its rank #1 #2 #3 #4

Global warming sources and time plots

References

Allen, Myles (Oxford) climate change tutorial, March 2018: Parts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (45 min. total); background & slide deck
Black, B.A.; Gibson, S.A. (2019). "Deep Carbon and the Life Cycle of Large Igneous Provinces". Elements. 15 (5): 319–324. doi:10.2138/gselements.15.5.319.
Breitburg, D.; Levin, L. A.; Oschlies, A.; Grégoire, M.; Chavez, F. P.; Conley, D. J.; Garçon, V.; Gilbert, D.; Gutiérrez, D.; Isensee, K.; Jacinto, G. S.; Limburg, K. E.; Montes, I.; Naqvi, S. W. A.; Pitcher, G. C.; Rabalais, N. N.; Roman, M. R.; Rose, K. A.; Seibel, B. A.; Telszewski, M.; Yasuhara, M.; Zhang, J. (2018). "Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters". Science. 359 (6371): eaam7240. doi:10.1126/science.aam7240.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
Capriolo, M.; Marzoli, A.; Aradi, L.E.; Callegaro, S.; Dal Corso, J.; Newton, R.J.; Mills, B.J.W.; Wignall, P.B.; Bartoli, O.; Baker, D.R.; Youbi, N.; Remusat, L.; Spiess, R.; Szabó, C. (2020). "Deep CO₂ in the end-Triassic Central Atlantic Magmatic Province". Nature Communications. 11 (1). doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15325-6.
Cole, Milton W.; Goodstein, David L.; Lueking, Angela D. (27 April 2018). Science Of The Earth, Climate And Energy. World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN 978-9813233638. OCLC 1038470856. - new textbook
Hall-Spencer, J. M.; Harvey, B. P. (2019). "Ocean acidification impacts on coastal ecosystem services due to habitat degradation". Emerging Topics in Life Sciences: ETLS20180117. doi:10.1042/ETLS20180117.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
Henehan, M. J.; Ridgwell, A.; Thomas, E.; Zhang, S.; Alegret, L.; Schmidt, D. N.; Rae, J. W. B.; Witts, J. D.; Landman, N. H.; Greene, S. E.; Huber, B. T.; Super, J. R.; Planavsky, N. J.; Hull, P. M. (2019). "Rapid ocean acidification and protracted Earth system recovery followed the end-Cretaceous Chicxulub impact". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: 201905989. doi:10.1073/pnas.1905989116.
Joughin, I.; Smith, B. E.; Medley, B. (2014). "Marine Ice Sheet Collapse Potentially Under Way for the Thwaites Glacier Basin, West Antarctica". Science. 344 (6185): 735–738. doi:10.1126/science.1249055.
Kamber, B.S.; Petrus, J.A. (2019). "The Influence of Large Bolide Impacts on Earth's Carbon Cycle". Elements. 15 (5): 313–318. doi:10.2138/gselements.15.5.313.
Lyons, S. L.; Baczynski, A. A.; Babila, T. L.; Bralower, T. J.; Hajek, E. A.; Kump, L. R.; Polites, E. G.; Self-Trail, J. M.; Trampush, S. M.; Vornlocher, J. R.; Zachos, J. C.; Freeman, K. H. (2018). "Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum prolonged by fossil carbon oxidation". Nature Geoscience. 12 (1): 54–60. doi:10.1038/s41561-018-0277-3.
Green, Hank (2017-12-04). "The Last Time the Globe Warmed". YouTube. PBS Eons. Retrieved 2019-08-25. (video on Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum)
McClintock, J.B. (2019-09-20). "From Penguins to Plankton: The Dramatic Effects of Climate Change on the Antarctic Peninsula". lecture.ucsf.edu. UC San Francisco. Retrieved 2019-09-29. (Note: lecture proper begins at minute 17 of recording)
McKenzie, N.R.; Jiang, H. (2019). "Earth's Outgassing and Climatic Transitions: The Slow Burn Towards Environmental "Catastrophes"?". Elements. 15 (5): 325–330. doi:10.2138/gselements.15.5.325.
Mikhail, S.; Füri, E. (2019). "On the Origin(s) and Evolution of Earth's Carbon". Elements. 15 (5): 307–312. doi:10.2138/gselements.15.5.307.
Maurer, J. M.; Schaefer, J. M.; Rupper, S.; Corley, A. (2019). "Acceleration of ice loss across the Himalayas over the past 40 years". Science Advances. 5 (6): eaav7266. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav7266.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
Penn, J. L.; Deutsch, C.; Payne, J. L.; Sperling, E. A. (7 December 2018). "Temperature-dependent hypoxia explains biogeography and severity of end-Permian marine mass extinction". Science. 362 (6419): eaat1327. doi:10.1126/science.aat1327.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) (commentary in The Scientist and The New York Times #1, #2)
Schobben, M.; van de Schootbrugge, B.; Wignall, P.B. (2019). "Interpreting the Carbon Isotope Record of Mass Extinctions". Elements. 15 (5): 331–337. doi:10.2138/gselements.15.5.331.
Suarez, C.A.; Edmonds, M.; Jones, A.P. (2019). "Earth Catastrophes and their Impact on the Carbon Cycle". Elements. 15 (5): 301–306. doi:10.2138/gselements.15.5.301.
Thompson, A. (2018-12-24). "Western Drought Ranks among the Worst of the Last Millennium". Scientific American. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
Voosen, P. (2018-12-18). "Discovery of recent Antarctic ice sheet collapse raises fears of a new global flood". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aaw4182.

Anthropogenic vs. natural carbon emission rates

From normal and catastrophic processes (scroll to bottom) – M. Temming, Science News, based on Suarez, C.A.; Edmonds, M.; Jones, A.P. (October 2019). "Earth catastrophes and their impact on the carbon cycle". Elements. 15: 301. doi:10.2138/gselements.15.5.301.

Atmospheric CFC and SF₆ vs. time plots

CFCs and SF₆ over the last 80 years – Rosenstiel School, U. of Miami

Atmospheric CO₂ vs. time plots

Over the last 5 years – NOAA
Over the last 15 years (top) – NASA
Over the last 60 years – Scripps
Over the last 1000 years – www.CO2Levels.Org
Over the last 800,000 years – NASA
Over the last one week to 800,000 years (select with mouse-over) – Scripps

Atmospheric greenhouse gas index vs. time plots

Sum of all greenhouse gas effects over the last 300 years – NOAA via www.CO2.Earth
Major greenhouse gases since 1980 – NOAA (from AGGI page)

Atmospheric methane vs. time plots

Over the last 35 years – NOAA
Over the last 800,000 and 65 years – EPA

Atmospheric nitrous oxide vs. time plots

Over the last 5 and 20 years – NOAA

Coral bleaching events vs. time plots

In four ocean areas since 1980 (scroll about 2/3 of the way down) – Carbon Brief

Glacier mass vs. time plots

Alpine glaciers since 1980 – NOAA
Antarctic (top) and Greenland ice sheets since 2002 – NASA
Glacier National Park alpine glaciers since 1966 – N. Popovich (N.Y. Times)
Greenland ice sheet since 1980 (see Fig. 3) – from ^[1]
"Global" glaciers since 1960 (scroll down) – NSIDC
Himalayan glaciers since 1975 – from ^[2]
New Zealand glaciers since 1450 – from ^[3]
"Reference" glaciers since 1945 – EPA
Sierra Nevada alpine glaciers since 1900 – H. Basagic, Portland State U.
Time-lapse movies of glaciers from orbit since 1972 – NASA

Growing season vs. time plot

Global change in crop yield potential for 5 staple crops since 1960 – The Lancet^[4]^: 13
Duration of U.S. growing season since 1890 – EPA

Human cognitive decline vs. projected future CO₂ levels

From 2020 to 2100 (scroll to Fig 3 at end)^[5]^[6]

Marine species latitude and depth shift plots

Over the last 35 years – EPA
Current (2020) rate of poleward range movement by taxonomic class^[7]

Ocean deoxygenation

Recent (1971–2000) versus projected (2071-2100) ocean oxygen levels (scroll down to p. 286)– from IUCN's report, Ocean deoxygenation : everyone’s problem

Note: the hypoxic threshold depth is that below which oxygen levels decrease to a hypoxic level (<3.5 mL/L); the oxycline is a sharp decrease on oxygen levels with increasing depth.

Ocean pH vs. time plots (since ~1990)

At EEA – European Environment Agency
At EPA (right graphs) – EPA
At Smithsonian (cyan plot) – Smithsonian Institution

Permafrost vs. time plots

Change in Northern Hemisphere extent since 1900 (scroll down) – Skeptical Science
Change in Northern Hemisphere extent since 1900 and 1850 (scroll down) – The Weather Network
Change in temperature of Arctic and alpine permafrost since 1908 (scroll down) – InsideClimate News

Sea ice vs. time plots

Arctic sea ice area since 1980 – EPA
Arctic sea ice volume since 1980 – Polar Science Center, U. Washington
Minimum Arctic sea ice area since 1980 – NOAA

Sea level vs. time plots

Contribution of Greenland ice sheet melting to sea level rise since 1990 (see Fig. 4) – from ^[1]
Over the last 25 (satellite data) and 140 (ground data) years – NASA
Over the last 120 years – IMBIE

Surface temperature vs. time plots

Australian mean temperature since 1910 – BBC
Global heatwave exposure in those over 65 since 2000 – The Lancet^[4]^: 7
Global temperature since AD 1000 (scroll down) – 2 Degrees Institute
Global temperature vs. solar irradiance since 1880 – Skeptical Science
Global surface air over the last 170 years – Climatic Research Unit, U. East Anglia
Global surface over the last 140 years; 2nd version – NASA
Heat content of the upper 2000 m of the ocean since 1940 – CNN^[8]
Sea surface over the last 140 years – EPA

Tropical cyclones vs. time plots

Atlantic tropical storm frequency since 1878 – NOAA
Frequency of category 4 or 5 hurricanes 1975-2004 (scroll down) – Popular Science
North Atlantic hurricane intensity since 1982 – Popular Science
North Atlantic hurricanes, per cent stalling along U.S. coast since 1944 (scroll down) – NASA
North Atlantic tropical storm frequency since 1850 (scroll down) – Skeptical Science
U.S. hurricane damage (normalized), and frequency of damaging storms, since 1900 – from Grinsted, A.; Ditlevsen, P.; Christensen, J.H. (November 2019). "Normalized US hurricane damage estimates using area of total destruction, 1900−2018". PNAS. doi:10.1073/pnas.1912277116.

Vapor pressure deficit vs. time plots

Increase in vapor pressure deficit (increasingly dry air) over the Amazon basin since 1980 (scroll down) – from Barkhordarian, A.; Saatchi, S. S.; Behrangi, A.; Loikith, P. C.; Mechoso, C. R. (2019). "A Recent Systematic Increase in Vapor Pressure Deficit over Tropical South America". Scientific Reports. 9 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-019-51857-8.; see also Smith, E. (2019-11-05). "Human Activities Are Drying Out the Amazon: NASA Study". Jet Propulsion Lab, NASA. Retrieved 2019-11-11.

Summary articles

How we respond – 2019 AAAS report
The climate crisis explained in 10 charts – The Guardian
The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, September 2019 (scroll to p. 6)

Cited articles

[1]
The IMBIE Team (2019). "Mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2018". Nature. 579 (7798): 233–239. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1855-2.
[2]
Maurer, J.M.; Schaefer, J.M.; Rupper, S.; Corley, A. (2019). "Acceleration of ice loss across the Himalayas over the past 40 years". Science Advances. 5 (6): eaav7266. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav7266.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
[3]
Carrivick, J.L.; James, W.H.M.; Grimes, M.; Sutherland, J.L.; Lorrey, A.M. (2020). "Ice thickness and volume changes across the Southern Alps, New Zealand, from the little ice age to present". Scientific Reports. 10 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-020-70276-8.
[4]
Watts, N.; Amann, M.; Arnell, N.; Ayeb-Karlsson, S.; Belesova, K.; Boykoff, M.; Byass, P.; Cai, W.; Campbell-Lendrum, D.; Capstick, S.; Chambers, J.; Dalin, C.; Daly, M.; Dasandi, N.; Davies, M.; Drummond, P.; Dubrow, R.; Ebi, K. L.; Eckelman, M.; Ekins, P.; Escobar, L. E.; Fernandez Montoya, L.; Georgeson, L.; Graham, H.; Haggar, P.; Hamilton, I.; Hartinger, S.; Hess, J.; Kelman, I.; Kiesewetter, G.; Kjellstrom, T.; Kniveton, D.; Lemke, B.; Liu, Y.; Lott, M.; Lowe, R.; Sewe, M. O.; Martinez-Urtaza, J.; Maslin, M.; McAllister, L.; McGushin, A.; Jankin Mikhaylov, S.; Milner, J.; Moradi-Lakeh, M.; Morrissey, K.; Murray, K.; Munzert, S.; Nilsson, M.; Neville, T.; Oreszczyn, T.; Owfi, F.; Pearman, O.; Pencheon, D.; Phung, D.; Pye, S.; Quinn, R.; Rabbaniha, M.; Robinson, E.; Rocklöv, J.; Semenza, J. C.; Sherman, J.; Shumake-Guillemot, J.; Tabatabaei, M.; Taylor, J.; Trinanes, J.; Wilkinson, P.; Costello, A.; Gong, P.; Montgomery, H. (2019). "The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate". The Lancet. 394 (10211): 1836–1878. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32596-6.
[5]
Karnauskas, K.B.; Miller, S.L.; Schapiro, A.C. (2020). "Fossil fuel combustion is driving indoor CO₂ toward levels harmful to human cognition". GeoHealth. doi:10.1029/2019GH000237.
[6]
"Rising carbon dioxide causes more than a climate crisis - it may directly harm our ability to think". ScienceDaily. Univ. of Colorado at Boulder. 21 April 2020. Retrieved 2020-04-29.
[7]
Lenoir, J.; Bertrand, R.; Comte, L.; Bourgeaud, L.; Hattab, T.; Murienne, J.; Grenouillet, G. (2020). "Species better track climate warming in the oceans than on land". Nature Ecology & Evolution. doi:10.1038/s41559-020-1198-2.
[8]
Cheng, L.; Abraham, J.; Zhu, J.; Trenberth, K.E.; Fasullo, J.; Boyer, T.; Locarnini, R.; Zhang, B.; Yu, F.; Wan, L.; Chen, X.; Song, X.; Liu, Y.; Mann, M.E. (February 2020). "Record-Setting Ocean Warmth Continued in 2019". Advances in Atmospheric Sciences. 37 (2): 137–142. doi:10.1007/s00376-020-9283-7.

What I've been up to

Citation resources

Editing resources

Species article/taxobox resources

Global warming sources and time plots

References

Anthropogenic vs. natural carbon emission rates

Atmospheric CFC and SF₆ vs. time plots

Atmospheric CO₂ vs. time plots

Atmospheric greenhouse gas index vs. time plots

Atmospheric methane vs. time plots

Atmospheric nitrous oxide vs. time plots

Coral bleaching events vs. time plots

Glacier mass vs. time plots

Growing season vs. time plot

Human cognitive decline vs. projected future CO₂ levels

Marine species latitude and depth shift plots

Ocean deoxygenation

Ocean pH vs. time plots (since ~1990)

Permafrost vs. time plots

Sea ice vs. time plots

Sea level vs. time plots

Surface temperature vs. time plots

Tropical cyclones vs. time plots

Vapor pressure deficit vs. time plots

Summary articles

Cited articles

Subpages

Related Articles

Related Articles

"Western Drought Ranks among the Worst of the Last Millennium"

From normal and catastrophic processes (scroll to bottom)

rate of poleward range movement

"The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate"

References

Anthropogenic vs. natural carbon emission rates

Atmospheric CFC and SF6 vs. time plots

Atmospheric CO2 vs. time plots

Atmospheric greenhouse gas index vs. time plots

Atmospheric methane vs. time plots

Atmospheric nitrous oxide vs. time plots

Coral bleaching events vs. time plots

Glacier mass vs. time plots

Growing season vs. time plot

Human cognitive decline vs. projected future CO2 levels

Marine species latitude and depth shift plots

Ocean deoxygenation

Ocean pH vs. time plots (since ~1990)

Permafrost vs. time plots

Sea ice vs. time plots

Sea level vs. time plots

Surface temperature vs. time plots

Tropical cyclones vs. time plots

Vapor pressure deficit vs. time plots

Summary articles

Cited articles

Related Articles

Atmospheric CFC and SF₆ vs. time plots

Atmospheric CO₂ vs. time plots

Human cognitive decline vs. projected future CO₂ levels