Close-mid central unrounded vowel
Vowel sound represented by ⟨ɘ⟩ in IPA
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The close-mid central unrounded vowel, or high-mid central unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɘ⟩. This is a mirrored letter e and should not be confused with the schwa ⟨ə⟩, which is a turned e. It was added to the IPA in 1993; before that, this vowel was transcribed ⟨ë⟩. Certain older sources[2] transcribe this vowel ⟨ɤ̈⟩.
| Close-mid central unrounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɘ | |||
| IPA number | 397 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɘ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0258 | ||
| X-SAMPA | @\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
The letter ⟨ɘ⟩ may be used with a lowering diacritic ⟨ɘ̞⟩, to denote the mid central unrounded vowel.
Features
- Its vowel height is close-mid, also known as high-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel (a high vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
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Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chuvash | пӗррехинче | [pɘrrɛχint͡ɕɛ] | 'once' | ||
| Cotabato Manobo[3] | [example needed] | May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩. | |||
| Dinka | Luanyjang[4] | ŋeŋ | [ŋɘ́ŋ] | 'jawbone' | Short allophone of /e/.[4] |
| English | Australian[5][6] | bird | [bɘːd] | 'bird' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɜː⟩. Optionally rounded. See Australian English phonology |
| Cardiff[7] | foot | [fɘt] | 'foot' | Less often rounded [ɵ];[8] corresponds to [ʊ] in other dialects. See English phonology | |
| New Zealand[9] | bit | [bɘt] | 'bit' | Merger of /ə/ and /ɪ/ found in other dialects. See New Zealand English phonology | |
| Southern American[10] | nut | [nɘt] | 'nut' | Some dialects.[10] Corresponds to /ʌ/ in other dialects. See English phonology | |
| Estonian[11] | kõrv | [kɘrv] | 'ear' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɤ⟩; can be close-mid back [ɤ] or close back [ɯ] instead, depending on the speaker.[11] See Estonian phonology | |
| Irish | Munster[12] | sáile | [ˈsˠɰaːlʲə̝] | 'salt water' | Usually transcribed in IPA with [ɪ̽]. It is an allophone of /ə/ next to non-palatal slender consonants.[12] See Irish phonology |
| Jebero[13] | ɨx[e/ï][k/c/q] | [ˈiʃɘk] | 'bat' | ||
| Kaingang[14] | me | [ˈᵐbɘ] | 'tail' | Varies between central [ɘ] and back [ɤ].[15] | |
| Kalagan Kaagan[16] | [miˈwə̝ːʔ] | 'lost' | Allophone of /ɨ/ in word-final stressed syllables before /ʔ/; can be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.[16] | ||
| Katë[17] | Katë | [kaˈt̪ɘ] | 'Katë' | Can also be realized as /ɨ/. | |
| Kensiu[18] | [ɟɚ̝h] | 'to trim' | Rhotacized; may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɚ⟩.[18] | ||
| Kera[19] | [t͡ʃə̝̄wā̠a̠] | 'fire' | Allophone of /a/; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.[19] | ||
| Korean[20] | 어른/eoreun | [ə̝ːɾɯ̽n] | 'adult' | May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨əː⟩. See Korean phonology | |
| Kurdish | Kurmanji | dil/دل | [dɘl] | 'heart' | Allophone of /ɪ/. Sorani alphabet does not transcribe this vowel phoneme in text. |
| Sorani | |||||
| Lizu[21] | [Fkə̝][clarification needed] | 'eagle' | Allophone of /ə/ after velar stops.[21] | ||
| Mapudungun[22] | elün | [ë̝ˈlɘn] | 'to give (something)' | ||
| Mongolian[23] | үсэр | [usɘɾɘ̆] | 'jump' | ||
| Mono[24] | dœ | [də̝] | 'be (equative)' | May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.[24] | |
| Polish[25] | mysz | ⓘ | 'mouse' | Somewhat fronted;[25] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɨ⟩. See Polish phonology | |
| Romanian | Moldavian dialect[26] | casă | [ˈkäsɘ] | 'house' | Corresponds to [ə] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
| Scottish Gaelic | Harris | bhuaipe | [ˈvuɘhpə] | 'from her' | Allophone of /e/ in the diphthong /ue/, which in other dialects is /uə/ or /uæ/. May be closer as [ɨ̞]. |
| Uist | |||||
| Shiwiar[27] | [example needed] | ||||
| Temne[28] | pər | [pə̝́r] | 'incite' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.[28] | |
| Vietnamese[29] | vợ | [vɘ˨˩ˀ] | 'wife' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɤ⟩. See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Xumi | Upper[30] | [LPmɘ̃dɐ] | 'upstairs' | Nasalized; occurs only in this word.[30] It is realized as mid [ə̃] in Lower Xumi.[31] | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[32] | ne | [nɘ] | 'and' | Most common realization of /e/.[32] |