Voiced dental and alveolar lateral fricatives
Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨ɮ⟩ in IPA
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A voiced alveolar lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.
| Voiced alveolar lateral fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɮ | |||
| IPA number | 149 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɮ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+026E | ||
| X-SAMPA | K\ | ||
| Braille |    | ||
| |||
Notation
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral fricatives is ⟨ɮ⟩, sometimes referred to as lezh.
In 1938, a symbol shaped similarly to heng ⟨ꜧ⟩ was approved as the official IPA symbol for the voiced alveolar lateral fricative, replacing ⟨ɮ⟩. It was suggested at the same time, however, that a compromise shaped like something between the two may also be used at the author's discretion. It was this compromise version, ⟨.svg){kind=small}
⟩, that was included in the 1949 Principles of the International Phonetic Association and the subsequent IPA charts, until it was replaced again by ⟨ɮ⟩ at the 1989 Kiel Convention.[1] Despite the Association's prescription, ⟨ɮ⟩ is nonetheless seen in literature from the 1960s to the 1980s.[2][3][4][5][6]
Related characters
There are several Unicode characters based on lezh (ɮ):
- U+1079E 𐞞 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL LEZH is a superscript IPA letter[7]
- U+1079F 𐞟 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL LEZH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK is a superscript IPA letter[7]
- U+1DF05 𝼅 LATIN SMALL LETTER LEZH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK is an extension to IPA for disordered speech (extIPA)[7][8]
Features
Features of a voiced alveolar lateral fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Dental or denti-alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amis[9] | Kangko | ada | [ʔaɮ̟aʔ] | 'enemy' | May be realized as denti-alveolar [ɮ̟] or interdental [ɮ̪͆]. Corresponds to [ð̪] in the Fengpin dialect. |
Alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | къалэ | ⓘ | 'town' | Can also be pronounced as [l] | |
| Bura[10] | dlambà | [ɮamba] | 'cloud' | Contrasts with [ɬ] and [𝼆].[10] | |
| English | South African | ibandla | [iˈbaːnɮa] | 'meeting of a Nguni chief or community' | Only found in Zulu loan words in South African English. |
| Kabalan | dedan | [ɮə'an] | 'sky' | ||
| Kabardian | блы | ⓘ | 'seven' | Can also be pronounced as [l] | |
| Ket | олын | [ɔɮɨn] | 'nose' | Can also be pronounced as [l] | |
| Moloko[11] | zlan | [ɮàŋ] | 'start, begin' | Contrasts with [ɬ], [l] and [ʒ] | |
| Mongolian | монгол | [ˈmɔɴɢɞ̆ɮ] | 'Mongol' | Devoiced to [ɬ] at the end of a word or when surrounded by voiceless consonants | |
| Pinuyumayan | lrevek | [ɮə'vək] | 'tooth' | Puyuma dialect doesn't have the sound. | |
| Sassarese | caldhu | ⓘ | 'hot' | ||
| Tera[12] | dlepti | [ɮè̞pti] | 'planting' | Contrasts with both [ɬ] and [l] | |
| Truku | lukus | ['ɮukus] | 'clothes' | ||
| Zulu[13] | ukudla | [úɠùːɮá] | 'to eat' | Contrasts with both [ɬ] and [l]; realized as [dɮ] after nasals | |
Voiced lateral-median fricative
| Voiced dental lateral–median fricative | |
|---|---|
| ʫ̪ | |
| ðˡ |
The voiced alveolar lateral–median fricative (also known as a "lisp" fricative) is a consonantal sound pronounced with simultaneous lateral and central airflow.
Features
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.