Voiced palatal implosive
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʄ⟩ in IPA
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A voiced palatal implosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ ʄ ⟩. Typographically, the IPA symbol is a dotless lowercase letter j with a horizontal stroke that was initially created by turning the type for a lowercase letter f (the symbol for the voiced palatal stop) and a rightward hook (the diacritic for implosives). A very similar-looking letter, ⟨ ƒ ⟩ (an ⟨f⟩ with a tail), is used in Ewe for /ɸ/.
| Voiced palatal implosive | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʄ | |||
| IPA number | 164 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʄ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0284 | ||
| X-SAMPA | J\_< | ||
| Braille |    | ||
| |||
Features
Features of a voiced palatal implosive:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
- Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is implosive (glottalic ingressive), which means it is produced by pulling air in by pumping the glottis downward. Since it is voiced, the glottis is not completely closed, but allows a pulmonic airstream to escape through it.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fula[1] | jetugol | [ʄetugol] | 'to take' | ||
| Konso[2] | japjap | [ʄapʄap] | ‘to rot/decay completely’ | ||
| Serer[3] | ʃaar | [ʄaːɾ] | 'to have ringworm' | Written as ⟨ݖ⟩ in the Arabic script and as ⟨ʃ⟩ in Latin script. Contrasts /ɓ̥, ɗ̥, ʄ̊, ɓ, ɗ, ʄ/. | |
| Somali[4] | Maay Maay | [example needed] | |||
| Swahili | jana | [ʄana] | 'yesterday' | In free variation with /dʒ/ | |
| Saraiki | ڄاݨݨ | [ʄä̃ːɳəɳ] | 'know' | ||
| Sindhi | ڄِڀَ | ⓘ | 'tongue' | ||
| Tunni[5] | [ʄoːɡ] | 'to stay' | |||
| Wu[6][7] | Fengxian | 家 (cia1) | [ʄiɑ˥˧] | 'domestic' | literary reading |
Post-palatal (pre-velar) implosive
There is also a voiced post-palatal (or pre-velar) implosive. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for this sound, but it can be transcribed as ⟨ʄ̠⟩/⟨ʄ˗⟩[a] or ⟨ɠ̟⟩/⟨ɠ˖⟩.[b]
Features
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
- Its place of articulation is post-palatal (or pre-velar; also called palato-velar, retracted palatal, backed palatal, advanced velar or fronted velar), which means it is articulated between the position of palatal consonants and velar consonants. Palatalized velar consonants may be the same, but "palatalized" may also simply mean a palatal approximant-like release.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is implosive (glottalic ingressive), which means it is produced by pulling air in by pumping the glottis downward. Since it is voiced, the glottis is not completely closed, but allows a pulmonic airstream to escape through it.