Voiceless postalveolar affricate
Consonantal sound
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate or voiceless domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the "ch" sound in "chip".
IPA number103 134
Entity (decimal)
t͡ʃUnicode (hex)U+0074 U+0361 U+0283
X-SAMPA
tS or t_rS| Voiceless postalveolar affricate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| tʃ | |||
| ʧ | |||
| IPA number | 103 134 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | t͡ʃ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0074 U+0361 U+0283 | ||
| X-SAMPA | tS or t_rS | ||
| |||
This sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨tʃ⟩, ⟨t͡ʃ⟩, ⟨t͜ʃ⟩, or, in broad transcription, ⟨c⟩. There is also a ligature ⟨ʧ⟩, which was retired by the International Phonetic Association but is still used. An alternative commonly used in Americanist tradition is ⟨č⟩.
Historically, [tʃ] often derives from a former voiceless velar stop /k/ (as in English church; also in Gulf Arabic, Slavic languages, Indo-Iranian languages and Romance languages), or a voiceless dental stop /t/ by way of palatalization, especially next to a front vowel (as in English nature; also in Amharic, Portuguese, some accents of Egyptian, etc.).
Features
Features of a voiceless domed postalveolar affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the tip or blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | чэмы/čamë/چەمہـ | ⓘ | 'cow' | Some dialects contrast labialized and non-labialized forms. | |
| Albanian | çelur | [t͡ʃɛluɾ] | 'opened' | ||
| Aleut | Atkan dialect | chamĝul | [t͡ʃɑmʁul] | 'to wash' | |
| Amharic | አንቺ/anči | [ant͡ʃi] | 'you' | ||
| Arabic[1] | Central Palestinian | مكتبة (Normally unwritten)/mačtabe | [ˈmat͡ʃt̪abe] | 'library' | Corresponds to [k] in Standard Arabic and other varieties. See Arabic phonology |
| Iraqi | چتاب/čitaab | [t͡ʃɪˈt̪ɑːb] | 'book' | ||
| Jordanian | كتاب (Normally unwritten)/čitaab | [t͡ʃɪˈt̪aːb] | |||
| Aragonese | chuego | [ˈt͡ʃueɣo] | 'game' | ||
| Armenian | Eastern[2] | ճնճղուկ/čënčquk | ⓘ | 'sparrow' | |
| Assyrian | ܟ̰ܝܡܐ/č’yama | [t͡ʃˤjɑmɑ] | 'to shut' | Found in native terminology. Widespread usage in all dialect varieties. Developed from an original /tˤ/. | |
| Asturian | Chipre | [ˈt͡ʃipɾe] | 'Cyprus' | Mostly found in loanwords, if possible, usually replaced by x [ʃ]. | |
| Azerbaijani | Əkinçi/اکینچی | [ækint͡ʃʰi] | 'the ploughman' | ||
| Bengali | চশমা/čošma | [t͡ʃɔʃma] | 'spectacles' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | |
| Basque | txalupa | [t͡ʃalupa] | 'boat' | ||
| Bulgarian | чучулига/čučuliga | [t͡ʃʊt͡ʃuˈliɡɐ] | 'lark' | See Bulgarian phonology | |
| Catalan | cotxe | [ˈko(t).t͡ʃə] | 'car' | See Catalan phonology. | |
| Central Alaskan Yup'ik | nacaq | [ˈnat͡ʃaq] | 'parka hood' | ||
| Choctaw | hakchioma | [hakt͡ʃioma] | 'tobacco' | ||
| Coptic | Bohairic dialect | ϭⲟϩ/čoh | [t͡ʃʰɔh] | 'touch' | |
| Czech | morče | [ˈmo̞rt͡ʃɛ] | 'guinea pig' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dhivehi | ޗަކަސް / čakas | [t͡ʃakas] | 'mud' | Relatively rare, usually occurs in loanwords / onomatoepic words | |
| Dutch | Tjongejonge | [t͡ʃɔŋəjɔŋə] | 'jeez' | An exclamation of (mild) annoyance, surprise, wonder or amazement.[3]
Pronunciation is region dependent. | |
| English | beach | ⓘ | 'beach' | Slightly labialized [tʃʷ]. See English phonology | |
| Esperanto | ĉar | [t͡ʃar] | 'because' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| Estonian | tšello | [ˈtʃelˑo] | 'cello' | Rare, occurs only in loanwords. see Estonian phonology | |
| Faroese | gera | [t͡ʃeːɹa] | 'to do' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Faroese phonology | |
| Finnish | Tšekki | [ˈt̪ʃe̞kːi] | 'Czechia' | Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Finnish phonology | |
| French | Standard | caoutchouc | [kaut͡ʃu] | 'rubber' | Relatively rare; occurs mostly in loanwords. See French phonology |
| Acadian | tiens | [t͡ʃɛ̃] | '(I/you) keep' | Allophone of /k/ and /tj/ before a front vowel. | |
| Galician | cheo | [ˈt͡ʃeo] | 'full' | Galician-Portuguese /t͡ʃ/ is conserved in Galician and merged with /ʃ/ in most Portuguese dialects. See Galician phonology | |
| Georgian[4] | ჩიხი/čixi | [t͡ʃixi] | 'impasse' | ||
| German | Standard[5] | Tschüss | [t͡ʃʏs] | 'bye' | Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.[5] See Standard German phonology |
| Greek | Cypriot | τσ̌άι/čai | [t͡ʃɑːiː] | 'tea' | |
| Hausa | ciwo/ثِيوُاْ | [t͡ʃíː.wòː] | 'disease, pain' | ||
| Hebrew | תשובה/čuva | [t͡ʃuˈva] | 'answer' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindustani | Hindi | चाय/cāy | [t͡ʃaːj] | 'tea' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology |
| Urdu | چائے/çāy | ||||
| Haitian Creole | match | [mat͡ʃ] | 'sports match' | ||
| Hungarian | gyümölcslé | [ˈɟymølt͡ʃleː] | 'fruit juice' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Italian[6] | ciao | [ˈt͡ʃaːo] | 'hi' | See Italian phonology | |
| Javanese | cedhak/ꦕꦼꦣꦏ꧀/چۤڎَاك | [t͡ʃəɖaʔ] | 'near' | ||
| Kʼicheʼ | K'iche' | [kʼiˈt͡ʃeʔ] | 'Kʼicheʼ'' | Contrasts with ejective form | |
| Kabardian | чэнж/čanž/چەنژ | ⓘ | 'shallow' | ||
| Kashubian[7] | czësto | [t͡ʃəstɔ] | 'cleanly' | ||
| Kharia[8] | रओछओब | [rɔ̀.t͡ʃʰɔ́ʔb˺ᵐ] | 'side' | A low-tone pitch in the first syllable, then gradually turns high in the second one. See Anderson (2014) for discussion. | |
| Khortha[9] | चइन | [t͡ʃinʱ] | 'mark' | ||
| Kurdish | hirç/هرچ | [hɪɾt͡ʃ] | 'bear' | ||
| Ladino | kolcha/קולגﬞה | [ˈkolt͡ʃa] | 'quilt' | ||
| Macedonian | чека/čeka | [t͡ʃɛka] | 'wait' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Malay | Malaysian | cuci/چوچي | [t͡ʃut͡ʃi] | 'to wash' | See Malay phonology |
| Indonesian | Palatal [c] according to some analyses. See Malay phonology | ||||
| Malayalam | ചതി/chathi | [t͡ʃɐd̪i] | 'betrayal' | See Malayalam phonology | |
| Maltese | bliċ | [blit͡ʃ] | 'bleach' | ||
| Manx | çhiarn | [ˈt͡ʃaːrn] | 'lord' | ||
| Marathi | चहा/čahá | [t͡ʃəhaː] | 'tea' | Contrasts with aspirated form. Allophone of /tɕ / and /ts/.See Marathi phonology | |
| Mongolian | Khalkha dialect | наргиж/nargič ᠨᠠᠷᠭᠢᠵ |
[ˈnargit͡ʃ] | 'laugh' | |
| Nahuatl | āyōtōchtli | [aːjoːˈtoːt͡ʃt͡ɬi] | 'armadillo' | ||
| Norwegian | Some dialects | kjøkken | [t͡ʃøkːen] | 'kitchen' | See Norwegian phonology |
| Nunggubuyu[10] | jaro | [t͡ʃaɾo] | 'needle' | ||
| Occitan | chuc | [ˈt͡ʃyk] | 'juice' | See Occitan phonology | |
| Odia | ଚକ/caka | [t͡ʃɔkɔ] | 'wheel' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | |
| Persian | چوب/чӯб/çub | [t͡ʃʰuːb] | 'wood' | See Persian phonology | |
| Polish | Gmina Istebna | ciemny | [ˈt͡ʃɛmn̪ɘ] | 'dark' | /ʈ͡ʂ/ and /t͡ɕ/ merge into [t͡ʃ] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /t͡ʃ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiceless retroflex affricate. |
| Lubawa dialect[11] | |||||
| Malbork dialect[11] | |||||
| Ostróda dialect[11] | |||||
| Warmia dialect[11] | |||||
| Portuguese | Most northern and some central Portuguese dialects | chamar | [t͡ʃɐˈmaɾ] | 'to call' | Archaic realization of etymological ⟨ch⟩. Its use is diminishing due to influence of the standard language, being replaced by [ʃ]. |
| Most Brazilian dialects[12] | presente | [pɾe̞ˈzẽ̞t͡ʃi] | 'present' | Allophone of /t/ before /i, ĩ/ (including when [i, ĩ, j] is not actually produced) and other instances of [i] (e.g. epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise. See Portuguese phonology | |
| Most dialects | tchau | [ˈt͡ʃaw] | 'bye' | In Standard European Portuguese it occurs only in recent loanwords. | |
| Punjabi | ਚੌਲ/ چول/čol | [t͡ʃɔːl] | 'rice' | ||
| Quechua | chunka | [t͡ʃʊŋka] | 'ten' | ||
| Romani | ćiriklo | [t͡ʃiriˈklo] | 'bird' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | |
| Romanian | cer | [ˈt͡ʃe̞r] | 'sky' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Rotuman[13] | joni | [ˈt͡ʃɔni] | 'to flee' | ||
| Russian | человек | [ˈt͡ʃɪlɐˈvʲek] | 'person' | ||
| Scottish Gaelic | slàinte | [ˈsl̪ˠaːnʲt͡ʃə] | 'health' | Southern dialects only; standard pronunciation is [tʲ]. See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian | Some speakers | čokoláda чоколада | [t͡ʃo̞ko̞ˈɫǎ̠ːd̪a̠] | 'chocolate' | In varieties that do not distinguish /ʈ͡ʂ/ from /t͡ɕ/. |
| Silesian | Gmina Istebna[14] | szpańelsko | [t̠͡ʃpaɲɛskɔ] | 'Spanish' | These dialects merge /ʈ͡ʂ/ and /t͡ɕ/ into [t͡ʃ]. |
| Jablunkov[14] | [t̠͡ʃpaɲɛlskɔ] | ||||
| Slovak | číslo | [t͡ʃiːslo] | 'number' | See Slovak phonology | |
| Slovene | koča | [ˈkòːt͡ʃáː] | 'cottage' | ||
| Solos | tsino | [t͡ʃinɔ] | 'bone' | ||
| Spanish[15] | chocolate | ⓘ | 'chocolate' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Swahili | jicho | [ʄit͡ʃo]/جِيچٗ | 'eye' | ||
| Swedish | Finland | tjugo | [t͡ʃʉːɡʉ] | 'twenty' | See Swedish phonology |
| Some rural Swedish dialects | kärlek | [t͡ʃæːɭeːk] | 'love' | ||
| Tagalog | tsuper | [t͡ʃʊˈpɛɾ] | 'driver' | See Tagalog phonology | |
| Tlingit | jinkaat | [ˈt͡ʃinkʰaːt] | 'ten' | ||
| Turkish | çok | ⓘ | 'very' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Tyap | cat | [t͡ʃad] | 'love' | ||
| Ubykh | Çəbƹəja/čëbžëya | [t͡ʃəbʒəja] | 'pepper' | See Ubykh phonology | |
| Ukrainian[16] | чотири/čotyry | [t͡ʃo̞ˈtɪrɪ] | 'four' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Uzbek | choʻl/çúl/چۉل | [t͡ʃɵl] | 'desert' | ||
| Welsh | tsips | [t͡ʃɪps] | 'chips' | Occurs in loanwords. See Welsh phonology | |
| Yiddish | טשאַטשקע/čačke | [t͡ʃat͡ʃkɛ] | 'knick-knack' | See Yiddish phonology | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[17] | chane | [t͡ʃanɘ] | ||
Mandarin Chinese, Russian, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Polish, Catalan, and Thai have a voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate /t͡ɕ/; this is technically postalveolar but it is less precise to use /t͡ʃ/.
Related characters
There are several Unicode characters based on the tesh digraph (ʧ):
- U+107AE 𐞮 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TESH DIGRAPH is an IPA superscript letter[18]
- U+1DF17 𝼗 LATIN SMALL LETTER TESH DIGRAPH WITH PALATAL HOOK is used in phonetic transcription[19][20]
- U+1DF1C 𝼜 LATIN SMALL LETTER TESH DIGRAPH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK has been used in phonetic descriptions of Polish[21]
Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
Features
- Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Australian[22] | tree | [t̠͡ɹ̝̠̊iː] | 'tree' | Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence /tr/.[22][23] In General American and Received Pronunciation, the less common alternative is alveolar [tɹ̝̊].[23] See Australian English phonology and English phonology |
| General American[23] | [t̠͡ɹ̝̠̊ʷi] | ||||
| Received Pronunciation[23] | [t̠͡ɹ̝̠̊ʷɪi̯] | ||||
| Scottish Gaelic | Lewis[24] | sitrich | [ˈʃiᶜ̧t̠͡ɹ̝̠̊iç] | 'to neigh' | Palato-alveolar. Phonetic realization of /t̪ɾ/ after palatal or palatalised consonants in medial clusters. |