Voiceless retroflex fricative
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʂ⟩ in IPA
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A voiceless retroflex sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʂ⟩ which is a Latin letter s combined with a retroflex hook. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA letter is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook to the bottom of ⟨s⟩ (the letter used for the corresponding alveolar consonant). A distinction can be made between laminal, apical, and sub-apical articulations. Only one language, Toda, appears to have more than one voiceless retroflex sibilant, and it distinguishes subapical palatal from apical postalveolar retroflex sibilants; that is, both the tongue articulation and the place of contact on the roof of the mouth are different.
| Voiceless retroflex fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʂ | |||
| IPA number | 136 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʂ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0282 | ||
| X-SAMPA | s` | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
Features
Features of a voiceless retroflex fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be apical (pointed) or, in some fricatives, laminal (flat).
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical [ʂ̺] and laminal [ʂ̻].
The commonality of [ʂ] cross-linguistically is 6% in a phonological analysis of 2155 languages.[1]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | амш / amš | [ɑmʂ] | 'day' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Adyghe | пшъашъэ / پصاصە / pŝaŝə | ⓘ | 'girl' | Laminal. | |
| Chinese | Mandarin | 石 / shí | [ʂ̺ɻ̩˧˥] | 'stone' | Apical. See Mandarin phonology |
| Emilian-Romagnol | Romagnol | sé | [ˈʂĕ] | 'yes' | Apical; may be [s̺ʲ] or [ʃ] instead. |
| English | General American | worship | [wəɹʂɪp] | 'worship' | Allophone of [ʃ] after [ɹ]. |
| Faroese | fýrs | [fʊʂ] | 'eighty' | ||
| Hindustani | Hindi | कष्ट / kaṣṭ | [ˈkəʂʈ] | 'trouble' | See Hindi phonology |
| Hmong | 𖬤𖬵 / sau | [ʂau˧] | 'to write' | ||
| Kannada | ಕಷ್ಟ / kaṣṭa | [kɐʂʈɐ] | 'difficult' | Only in loanwords. See Kannada phonology. | |
| Khanty | Most northern dialects | шаш / šaš | [ʂɑʂ] | 'knee' | Corresponds to a voiceless retroflex affricate /ʈ͡ʂ/ in the southern and eastern dialects. |
| Kyrgyz | Ош / Oş | ⓘ | 'Osh' | Allophone of /ʃ/. See Kyrgyz phonology | |
| Lower Sorbian[2][3] | glažk | [ˈɡläʂk] | 'glass' | ||
| Malayalam | കഷ്ടം / kaṣṭaṁ | [kɐʂʈɐm] | 'difficult' | Only occurs in loanwords. See Malayalam phonology | |
| Mapudungun[4] | trukur | [ʈ͡ʂʊ̝ˈkʊʂ] | 'fog' | Possible allophone of /ʐ/ in post-nuclear position.[4] | |
| Marathi | ऋषी / reṣī | [r̩ʂiː] | 'sage' | See Marathi phonology | |
| Nepali | षष्ठी / ṣaṣṭhī | [sʌʂʈʰi] | 'Shashthi (day)' | Allophone of /s/ in neighbourhood of retroflex consonants. See Nepali phonology | |
| Norwegian | karsk | ⓘ | 'healthy' | Allophone of the sequence /ɾs/ in many dialects, including Urban East Norwegian. See Norwegian phonology | |
| Oʼodham[5] | Cuk Ṣon | [t͡ʃʊk ʂ̺ɔn] | 'Tucson' | Apical. | |
| Pashto | Southern dialect | ښودل / šodël | [ʂodəl] | 'to show' | |
| Polish | Standard[6] | szum | ⓘ | 'rustle' | After voiceless consonants it is also represented by ⟨rz⟩. When written so, it can be instead pronounced as the voiceless raised alveolar non-sonorant trill by few speakers.[7] Transcribed /ʃ/ by most Polish scholars. See Polish phonology |
| Southeastern Cuyavian dialects[8] | schowali | [ʂxɔˈväli] | 'they hid' | Some speakers. It's a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of /ʂ/ and /s/ into [s] (see szadzenie). | |
| Suwałki dialect[9] | |||||
| Romanian | Moldavian dialects[10] | șură | ['ʂurə] | 'barn' | Apical.[10] See Romanian phonology |
| Transylvanian dialects[10] | |||||
| Russian[6] | шут / šut | [ʂut̪] | 'jester' | See Russian phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian | šal / шал | [ʂâ̠ːl] | 'scarf' | Typically transcribed as /ʃ/. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovak[11] | šatka | [ˈʂätkä] | 'kerchief' | ||
| Swedish | fors | ⓘ | 'rapids' | Allophone of the sequence /rs/ in many dialects, including Central Standard Swedish. See Swedish phonology | |
| Tamil | கஷ்டம் / kaṣṭam | [kɐʂʈɐm] | 'difficult' | Only occurs in loanwords, often replaced with /s/. See Tamil phonology | |
| Telugu | కష్టం / kaṣṭam | Only occurs in loanwords. See Telugu phonology | |||
| Toda[12] | [pɔʂ] | '(clan name)' | Subapical, contrasts /θ s̪ s̠ ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ/.[13] | ||
| Torwali[14] | ݜیݜ / šeš | [ʂeʂ] | 'thin rope' | ||
| Ubykh | [ʂ̺a] | 'head' | See Ubykh phonology | ||
| Ukrainian | шахи / šahy | [ˈʂɑxɪ] | 'chess' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Upper Sorbian | Some dialects[15][16] | [example needed] | — | — | Used in dialects spoken in villages north of Hoyerswerda; corresponds to [ʃ] in standard language.[2] |
| Vietnamese | Southern dialects[17] | sữa | [ʂɨə˧ˀ˥] | 'milk' | See Vietnamese phonology |
| Yi | ꏂ / shy | [ʂ̺ɹ̩˧] | 'gold' | ||
| Yurok[18] | segep | [ʂɛɣep] | 'coyote' | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[19] | [example needed] | — | — | Allophone of /ʃ/ before [a] and [u]. |
Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative
| Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative | |
|---|---|
| ɻ̊˔ | |
| ʈ˕ | |
| IPA number | 152 402B 429 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA | r\`_0_r |
Features
Features of a voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be apical (pointed) or, in some fricatives, laminal (flat).
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Voiceless retroflex approximant
| Voiceless retroflex approximant | |
|---|---|
| ɻ̊ | |
| IPA number | 152 402A |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA | r\`_0 |
Some scholars also posit the voiceless retroflex approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ⟨ɻ̊⟩.