Saarland national football team
National association football team
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The Saarland national football team (German: Saarländische Fußballnationalmannschaft) was the association football team representing the Saar Protectorate in international football from 1950 to 1956 during the French occupation following World War II. As France opposed the inclusion of the Saarland in the Federal Republic of Germany until 1956, they administered it separately from Germany as the Saar Protectorate.
| 1950–1956 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| |||
| Association | Saarländischer Fussball-Verband (SFV) | ||
| Confederation | UEFA (Europe) | ||
| Head coach | Helmut Schön | ||
| Most caps | Waldemar Philippi (18) | ||
| Top scorer | Herbert Binkert Herbert Martin (6) | ||
| Home stadium | Ludwigspark Stadion | ||
| FIFA code | SAA | ||
| |||
| First international | |||
 Saar 5–3 Switzerland B  (Saarbrücken, Saar; 22 November 1950) A full international  Norway 2–3 Saar (Oslo, Norway; 24 June 1953) | |||
| Last international | |||
 Netherlands 3–2 Saar (Amsterdam, Netherlands; 6 June 1956) | |||
| Biggest win | |||
| Switzerland B 2–5 Saar (Bern, Switzerland; 15 September 1951) A full international Norway 2–3 Saar (Oslo, Norway; 24 June 1953) | |||
| Biggest defeat | |||
Saar 1–7 Uruguay  (Saarbrücken, Saar; 5 June 1954) | |||
As the local population did not want to join France, separate organisations were founded. A National Olympic Committee was founded in 1950, leading to an appearance of Saar at the 1952 Summer Olympics. Also, considering themselves not an independent nation different from Germany, the football team was not designated as a "national team", and was more generally referred to as a "selection" (German: Auswahl) or some similar term.[1]
History
Due to post-war partition, Saarland was separate from both the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). The Saarländischer Fußballbund (SFB) was founded on 25 July 1948 in Sulzbach, with Willy Koch as first chairman. The clubs of the Saarland played in the local Ehrenliga for three seasons from 1948 to 1951, with the exception of the strong 1. FC Saarbrücken club, which played as guests in French Ligue 2 in 1948–49, where they were known as FC Sarrebruck. They easily finished top of the division that season. However, after French clubs voted unanimously against them joining the French Football Federation (resulting in the resignation of president Jules Rimet, who had suggested that Saarbrücken join), the club left the French league.
Not interested in rejoining the weak Ehrenliga, Saarbrücken established a short-lived invitational tournament in 1949, the Internationaler Saarlandpokal, which attracted a number of top teams, and is regarded as a forerunner to the European Cup.[2] In 1955, Saarbrücken became the sole club representing Saarland in the newborn European Champion Clubs' Cup, winning the first leg in San Siro against the Italian champions AC Milan (3–4), but they were heavily defeated (1–4) and eliminated in the second leg at home by the Lombard opponents.[3] By that time, however, 1.FCS and other leading Saarland clubs had already rejoined the DFB league system, playing in the Oberliga Südwest on a mutual agreement.
On 17 July 1949, the members of the SFB declined a proposal to apply for membership in the French Football Federation by a vote of 609–299 (55 abstentions). Led by new president Hermann Neuberger since 14 May 1950, the SFB became part of FIFA on 12 June 1950, three months before the German Football Association DFB was reinstated, and two years before the East German association was accepted.
The Saarland team was made up largely of footballers from 1. FC Saarbrücken and was buttressed by players from SV Saar 05 Saarbrücken and Borussia Neunkirchen, with occasional representation from clubs including SV St. Ingbert 1945, FC 1912 Ensdorf, and ASC Dudweiler.
The team played only 19 games, 10 of these against "B" squads, but did participate in the 1954 World Cup qualifiers, finishing ahead of Norway in their group by defeating them in Oslo; it was Saarland's only win ever against a full senior team. Prior to the 1954 World Cup in Switzerland, on 5 June, they hosted a game against defending World Champion Uruguay, losing 1–7. Other "A" team opponents in friendlies were Yugoslavia (1–5), the Netherlands (1–2, 2–3) and Switzerland (1–1). The only match played outside of Europe was against Uruguay in Montevideo.
Following a referendum in 1955 and the Saar Treaty, Saarland became part of the Federal Republic of Germany with effect on 1 January 1957. The SFB ended its separate FIFA membership and became part of the DFB as the SFV (de: Saarländischer Fußballverband). Coach Helmut Schön, who had managed the Saarland team since 1952, went on to coach the successful Germany national team in the 1960s and 1970s. Hermann Neuberger, a native of the Saarland, proposed the foundation of the Bundesliga in 1962, organized the 1974 FIFA World Cup, and served as president of the DFB from 1975 until his death in 1992.
FIFA World Cup record
- 1950 – Did not enter, accepted as FIFA members only two weeks before the tournament
- 1954 – Did not qualify
| FIFA World Cup record | Qualification record | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Round | Position | Pld | W | D* | L | GF | GA | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | |||
as  Saar |
as Saar | ||||||||||||||||
| 1930 |
Not a member of FIFA | Not a member of FIFA | |||||||||||||||
 1934 | |||||||||||||||||
 1938 |
Did not exist | Did not exist | |||||||||||||||
| as Saar |
as Saar | ||||||||||||||||
 1950 |
Not a member of FIFA | Not a member of FIFA | |||||||||||||||
| 1954 |
Did not qualify | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | ||||||||||
| Total | – | 0/1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | |||
1954 World Cup qualifying
The only time that the Saarland entered the World Cup or European Championship qualifiers was for the 1954 World Cup. They were drawn in Group 1 alongside West Germany and Norway, in a triangular series. In the opening round in summer 1953, they won their only competitive away match, beating Norway 3–2 in Oslo after trailing 0–2, and with only 10 effective players, after an early substitute due to injury, and Theodor Puff staying on the field with a broken fibula. Thus they still topped the group after West Germany drew their game in Oslo. Saarland were emphatically beaten 3–0 by West Germany in Stuttgart and could only manage a 0–0 draw at home against Norway. Both German teams were placed joint first until West Germany beat Norway 5–1, putting an end to Norwegian hopes. The remaining inter-German match, to be played after a four-month winter hiatus, would decide which one of the German teams should advance to the tournament in Switzerland.
Saarland, which had already secured second in the group ahead of Norway, needed a win at home to finish first, yet lost 3–1. Unbeaten West Germany topped the final ranking, went to Switzerland and won the 1954 World Cup there. Sepp Herberger would have capped Kurt Clemens for West Germany, but he was ineligible like all others who had played international games for Saarland.
This was the Saarland's only separate entry in the World Cup; its players, coaches and staff would join West Germany to assist in the defence of the World Cup in 1958.
| FIFA World Cup qualification | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date | Venue | Opponents | Score | Saarland scorers | Year |
| 24 June 1953 | Bislett Stadion, Oslo | Norway |
3–2 | Binkert, Otto, Siedl | 1954 FIFA World Cup qualification |
| 11 October 1953 | Neckarstadion, Stuttgart |  West Germany |
0–3 | 1954 FIFA World Cup qualification | |
| 8 November 1953 | Ludwigsparkstadion, Saarbrücken | Norway |
0–0 | 1954 FIFA World Cup qualification | |
| 28 March 1954 | West Germany |
1–3 | Martin (pen.) | 1954 FIFA World Cup qualification | |
| Pos. | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | West Germany |
4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 12 | 3 | +9 | 7 |
| 2 | Saar |
4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | −4 | 3 |
| 3 | Norway |
4 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 9 | −5 | 2 |
Player records
In total, 42 players appeared for the Saarland national team.[4] Waldemar Philippi holds the record for the most caps, appearing in 18 out of the team's 19 matches and only missing a friendly against Uruguay in 1954.[4]
Most caps
|
All goalscorers
|
Clean sheets
Two goalkeepers managed to keep a clean sheet in Saarland's nineteen matches.
| Player | Caps | Clean sheet | Average | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date | Opponent | Score | |||
| Erwin Strempel | 14 | 8 November 1953 | Norway |
0–0 | 0.07 |
| Hans Neuerburg | 1 | 3 June 1956 |  Portugal B |
0–0 | 1.00 |
1950
| Pos. | Player[5] | Apps | Goals |
|---|---|---|---|
| GK | Erwin Strempel | 1 | 0 |
| DF | Karl Berg | 1 | 1 |
| DF | Nikolaus Biewer | 1 | 0 |
| DF | Peter Momber | 1 | 0 |
| DF | Waldemar Philippi | 1 | 0 |
| DF | Heinrich Schmidt | 1 | 0 |
| MF | Kurt Clemens | 1 | 0 |
| FW | Erich Leibenguth | 1 | 2 |
| FW | Herbert Martin | 1 | 2 |
| FW | Ewald Follmann | 1 | 0 |
| FW | Karl Schirra | 1 | 0 |
1951
| Pos. | Player[6] | Apps | Goals |
|---|---|---|---|
| GK | Erwin Strempel | 3 | 0 |
| DF | Nikolaus Biewer | 3 | 0 |
| DF | Waldemar Philippi | 3 | 0 |
| DF | Theodor Puff | 3 | 0 |
| DF | Karl Berg | 2 | 0 |
| DF | Franz Immig | 2 | 0 |
| DF | Peter Momber | 1 | 0 |
| DF | Erwin Wilhelm | 1 | 0 |
| MF | Jakob Balzert | 3 | 0 |
| FW | Erich Leibenguth | 3 | 3 |
| FW | Herbert Binkert | 3 | 2 |
| FW | Herbert Martin | 3 | 2 |
| FW | Gerhard Siedl | 2 | 2 |
| FW | Hans Bild | 1+1 | 0 |
1952
| Pos. | Player[7] | Apps | Goals |
|---|---|---|---|
| GK | Erwin Strempel | 2 | 0 |
| DF | Nikolaus Biewer | 2 | 0 |
| DF | Waldemar Philippi | 2 | 0 |
| DF | Theodor Puff | 2 | 0 |
| DF | Karl Berg | 1 | 0 |
| DF | Franz Immig | 1 | 0 |
| DF | Heinz Schussig | 1 | 0 |
| MF | Kurt Clemens | 2 | 0 |
| MF | Jakob Balzert | 1 | 0 |
| MF | Werner Otto | 1 | 0 |
| FW | Herbert Binkert | 2 | 2 |
| FW | Herbert Martin | 2 | 1 |
| FW | Gerhard Siedl | 2 | 0 |
| FW | Erich Leibenguth | 1 | 0 |
1953
| Pos. | Player[8] | Apps | Goals |
|---|---|---|---|
| GK | Erwin Strempel | 3 | 0 |
| DF | Karl Berg | 2 | 0 |
| DF | Nikolaus Biewer | 2 | 0 |
| DF | Albert Keck | 1 | 0 |
| DF | Peter Momber | 3 | 0 |
| DF | Waldemar Philippi | 3 | 0 |
| DF | Theodor Puff | 3 | 0 |
| MF | Jakob Balzert | 2 | 0 |
| MF | Kurt Clemens | 3 | 0 |
| MF | Werner Otto | 3 | 1 |
| FW | Herbert Binkert | 1 | 1 |
| FW | Helmut Fottner | 1 | 0 |
| FW | Herbert Martin | 3 | 0 |
| FW | Karl Schirra | 1 | 0 |
| FW | Gerhard Siedl | 3 | 1 |
1954
| Pos. | Player[9] | Total | FIFA World Cup qualification |
Friendlies | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | ||
| GK | Horst Borcherding | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| GK | Ladislav Jirasek | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| GK | Horst Klauck | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| GK | Erwin Strempel | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| DF | Karl Berg | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| DF | Nikolaus Biewer | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| DF | Albert Keck | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| DF | Peter Momber | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| DF | Waldemar Philippi | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| DF | Theodor Puff | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| DF | Willi Sippel | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| MF | Kurt Clemens | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MF | Werner Otto | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| FW | Fritz Altmeyer | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| FW | Herbert Binkert | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| FW | Werner Emser | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 |
| FW | Helmut Fottner | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| FW | Herbert Martin | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0 |
| FW | Hermann Monter | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| FW | Robert Niederkirchner | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| FW | Karl Schirra | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| FW | Gerhard Siedl | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
1955
| Pos. | Player[10] | Apps | Goals |
|---|---|---|---|
| GK | Erwin Strempel | 3 | 0 |
| DF | Karl Berg | 1 | 0 |
| DF | Albert Keck | 3 | 0 |
| DF | Gerd Lauck | 2+1 | 0 |
| DF | Peter Momber | 2 | 1 |
| DF | Waldemar Philippi | 3 | 0 |
| DF | Walter Riedschy | 0+1 | 0 |
| DF | Heinz Schussig | 2 | 0 |
| DF | Willi Sippel | 1 | 0 |
| MF | Kurt Clemens | 1 | 0 |
| FW | Fritz Altmeyer | 3 | 2 |
| FW | Herbert Binkert | 2 | 1 |
| FW | Ewald Follmann | 2 | 1 |
| FW | Peter Krieger | 2 | 1 |
| FW | Herbert Martin | 2 | 0 |
| FW | Hermann Monter | 0+1 | 0 |
| FW | Gerhard Siedl | 2 | 0 |
| FW | Heinz Vollmar | 2 | 3 |
1956
| Pos. | Player[11] | Apps | Goals |
|---|---|---|---|
| GK | Horst Borcherding | 2 | 0 |
| GK | Hans Neuerburg | 1 | 0 |
| DF | Albert Keck | 2 | 0 |
| DF | Gerd Lauck | 3 | 0 |
| DF | Peter Momber | 0+1 | 0 |
| DF | Waldemar Philippi | 3 | 0 |
| DF | Werner Prauss | 1 | 0 |
| DF | Theodor Puff | 3 | 0 |
| MF | Kurt Clemens | 2 | 0 |
| FW | Fritz Altmeyer | 0+1 | 0 |
| FW | Herbert Binkert | 2 | 0 |
| FW | Manfred Ebert | 2 | 0 |
| FW | Günter Herrmann | 1 | 0 |
| FW | Dieter Honecker | 1 | 0 |
| FW | Peter Krieger | 2 | 0 |
| FW | Karl-Heinz Kunkel | 0+1 | 0 |
| FW | Herbert Martin | 2 | 0 |
| FW | Karl Ringel | 1+1 | 1 |
| FW | Gerhard Siedl | 2+1 | 1 |
| FW | Heinz Vollmar | 2 | 1 |
| FW | Ernst Zägel | 1 | 0 |
Managers
| Manager | Period | Record | Ref. | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First match | Last match | Days | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Win % | ||
 Auguste Jordan |
22 November 1950 | 14 October 1951 | 326 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 14 | 11 | +3 | 75.00 | [12] |
| Helmut Schön |
20 April 1952 | 6 June 1956 | 1,508 | 15 | 3 | 3 | 9 | 22 | 43 | −21 | 20.00 | [13] |
| Total | 19 | 6 | 3 | 10 | 36 | 54 | −18 | 31.58 | — | |||
Results
19 matches played: 6 wins, 3 draws, 10 losses[14][15]
| 22 November 1950 Friendly | Saar | 5–3 | Switzerland B | Saarbrücken, Saarland |
Berg  3'Leibenguth 11', 75'Martin 14', 65' |
Report | Stadium: Stadion Kieselhumes Attendance: 16,000 Referee: Léon Boës (France) |
| 27 May 1951 Friendly | Saar | 3–2 |  Austria B | Saarbrücken, Saarland |
| Binkert 15' Leibenguth 20', 43' |
Report | Stadium: Ludwigsparkstadion Attendance: 15,000 Referee: Laurent Franken (Belgium) | ||
| Note: Erich Leibenguth set the goal scoring record for Saarland (4 goals) | ||||
| 15 September 1951 Friendly | Switzerland B | 2–5 | Saar | Bern, Switzerland |
| Report | Binkert 31' Leibenguth 61' (pen.)Martin 62', 85'Siedl 89' |
Stadium: Stadion Neufeld Attendance: 6,500 Referee: Giuseppe Carpani (Italy) | ||
| Note: Erich Leibenguth set the goal scoring record for Saarland (5 goals) | ||||
| 14 October 1951 Friendly | Austria B | 4–1 | Saar | Vienna, Austria |
| 15:00 (UTC+1:00) | Report | Siedl 56' |
Stadium: Praterstadion Attendance: 21,000 Referee: Miljenko Podubsky (Yugoslavia) |
| 20 April 1952 Friendly | Saar | 0–1 | France B | Saarbrücken, Saarland |
| Haan (?) |
Stadium: Ludwigsparkstadion Attendance: 20,000 Referee: René Baumberger (Switzerland) |
| 5 October 1952 Friendly | France B | 1–3 | Saar | Strasbourg, France |
| Sinibaldi 35' |
Report | Binkert 9', 78' Martin 40' |
Stadium: Stade de la Meinau Attendance: 21,032 Referee: Ernst Dörflinger (Switzerland) |
| 24 June 1953 1954 FIFA World Cup qualifier | Norway | 2–3 | Saar | Oslo, Norway |
| 19:00 (UTC+1:00) | Thoresen 3' Dahlen 15' |
Report | Binkert 16' Otto 30'Siedl 55' |
Stadium: Bislett Stadion Attendance: 21,000 Referee: Jan Bronkhorst (Netherlands) |
| 11 October 1953 1954 FIFA World Cup qualifier | West Germany | 3–0 | Saar | Stuttgart, West Germany |
| 15:00 (+1:00) | Morlock 13', 50' Schade 70' |
Report | Stadium: Neckarstadion Attendance: 50,000 Referee: Karel van der Meer (Netherlands) |
| 8 November 1953 1954 FIFA World Cup qualifier | Saar | 0–0 | Norway | Saarbrücken, Saarland |
| 14:30 (+1:00) | Report | Stadium: Ludwigsparkstadion Attendance: 42,000 Referee: Leo Horn (Netherlands) |
| 28 March 1954 1954 FIFA World Cup qualifier | Saar | 1–3 | West Germany | Saarbrücken, Saarland |
| 15:00 (+1:00) | Martin 68' (pen.) |
Report | Morlock 36', 48' Schäfer 84' |
Stadium: Ludwigsparkstadion Attendance: 53,000 Referee: Jan Bronkhorst (Netherlands) |
| Note: Herbert Martin set the goal scoring record for Saarland (6 goals) | ||||
| 5 June 1954 Friendly | Saar | 1–7 | Uruguay | Saarbrücken, Saarland |
| Niederkirchner 23' |
Report | Abbadie (?) Ambrois (?)Schiaffino (?)Varela (?)Míguez (?) |
Stadium: Ludwigsparkstadion Attendance: 15,000 Referee: Albert Dusch (West Germany) |
| 26 September 1954 Friendly | Saar | 1–5 |  Yugoslavia | Saarbrücken, Saarland |
| Emser 17' |
Report | Vukas 5', 71', 84' Bobek 56'Veselinović 59' |
Stadium: Ludwigsparkstadion Attendance: 16,000 Referee: Aloïs Smidts (Belgium) |
| 17 October 1954 Friendly | France B | 4–1 | Saar | Lyon, France |
| Bliard (?) Ninel (?) |
Altmeyer (?) |
Stadium: Stade de Gerland Attendance: 15,000 Referee: René Baumberger (Switzerland) |
| 1 May 1955 Friendly | Portugal B | 6–1 | Saar | Oeiras, Portugal |
| 16:30 (UTC+1:00) | Monteiro da Costa (?) José Pedro (?)André (?)Fernandes (?) |
Binkert 27' |
Stadium: Estádio Nacional do Jamor Attendance: 20,000 Referee: Rafael Tamarit Falaguera (Spain) | |
| Note: Herbert Binkert become the shared top goal scorer for Saarland (6 goals) | ||||
| 9 October 1955 Friendly | Saar | 7–5 | France B | Saarbrücken, Saarland |
| Vollmar (?) Momber (?)Altmeyer (?)Krieger (?) |
Schussig (?) Foix (?)Mekhloufi (?)Schultz (?) |
Stadium: Ludwigsparkstadion Attendance: 25,000 Referee: Leo Horn (Netherlands) |
| 16 November 1955 Friendly | Saar | 1–2 | Netherlands | Saarbrücken, Saarland |
| 14:30 (UTC+1:00) | Follmann 7' |
Report | van der Hart 29' Brusselers 55' |
Stadium: Ludwigsparkstadion Attendance: 12,000 Referee: Lucien Van Nuffel (Belgium) |
| 1 May 1956 Friendly | Saar | 1–1 | Switzerland | Saarbrücken, Saarland |
| Siedl 57' |
Report | Riva 33' |
Stadium: Ludwigsparkstadion Attendance: 20,000 Referee: Leo Horn (Netherlands) |
| 3 June 1956 Friendly | Saar | 0–0 | Portugal B | Saarbrücken, Saarland |
| Report | Stadium: Ludwigsparkstadion Attendance: 12,000 Referee: Gérard Versyp (Belgium) |
| 6 June 1956 Friendly | Netherlands | 3–2 | Saar | Amsterdam, Netherlands |
| 19:00 (UTC+1:00) | Koopal 6' Lenstra 22'Wilkes 63' |
Report | Vollmar 40' Ringel 86' |
Stadium: Olympisch Stadion Attendance: 60,000 Referee: István Zsolt (Hungary) |
Record by opponent
| Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | WPCT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria B |
2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 6 | −2 | 50.00 |
| France B |
4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 11 | 11 | 0 | 50.00 |
| Netherlands |
2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 5 | −2 | 0.00 |
| Norway |
2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2 | +1 | 50.00 |
| Portugal B |
2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | −5 | 0.00 |
| Switzerland |
1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Switzerland B |
2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 5 | +5 | 100.00 |
| Uruguay |
1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 7 | −6 | 0.00 |
| West Germany |
2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 6 | −5 | 0.00 |
| Yugoslavia |
1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | −4 | 0.00 |
| Total | 19 | 6 | 3 | 10 | 36 | 54 | −18 | 31.58 |
Anthem
Saarland, having just been separated from Germany, did not have a national anthem of its own, and so the first international football fixture (1950 vs. Switzerland) was the reason to establish the Saarlandlied as the anthem for such events.