6P/d'Arrest
Periodic comet
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
6P/d'Arrest (also known as d'Arrest's Comet or Comet d'Arrest) is a periodic comet orbiting between Mars and Jupiter once every 6.54 years. It is the second of three comets discovered by German astronomer, Heinrich Ludwig d'Arrest.[a] It next comes to perihelion 1.35 AU from the Sun on March 31, 2028, when it is expected to brighten to around apparent magnitude 11.[10]
Comet d'Arrest photographed by the Zwicky Transient Facility on 21 September 2021 | |
| Discovery | |
|---|---|
| Discovered by | Heinrich Louis d'Arrest |
| Discovery site | Leipzig, Germany |
| Discovery date | June 28, 1851 |
| Designations | |
| |
| |
| Orbital characteristics[2][3] | |
| Epoch | 25 February 2023 (JD 2460000.5) |
| Observation arc | 344 years |
| Earliest precovery date | September 11, 1678[4] |
| Number of observations | 3,732 |
| Aphelion | 5.639 AU |
| Perihelion | 1.353 AU |
| Semi-major axis | 3.497 AU |
| Eccentricity | 0.61247 |
| Orbital period | 6.539 years |
| Inclination | 19.511° |
| 138.94° | |
| Argument of periapsis | 178.09° |
| Mean anomaly | 79.175° |
| Last perihelion | September 17, 2021 |
| Next perihelion | March 31, 2028[5][6] |
| TJupiter | 2.709 |
| Earth MOID | 0.343 AU |
| Jupiter MOID | 0.208 AU |
| Physical characteristics[2][7] | |
Mean diameter | 3.2 km (2.0 mi) |
| 6.67±0.03 hours | |
| Comet total magnitude (M1) | 15.9 |
Observational history
It was first observed by Heinrich Ludwig d'Arrest, in Leipzig, Germany, between June 28–30, 1851.[11] In 1991, a study conducted by Andrea Carusi and Giovanni B. Valsecchi (Istituto Astrofisica Spaziale, Rome), alongside Ľubor Kresák and Margita Kresáková (Slovak Astronomical Institute, Bratislava) independently suggested that this comet is the same as the comet previously observed by Philippe de La Hire in 1678.[4][12]
The comet passed within 0.151 AU (22.6 million km; 14.0 million mi) from Earth on August 12, 1976.[2] Its apparition in 2015 was unfavorable as it had a solar elongation of less than 30 degrees from October 2014 until May 2015.[13] The most recent perihelion passage took place on September 17, 2021, when the comet had a solar elongation of 95 degrees at approximately apparent magnitude of 10.[10]
Physical characteristics
During its 2008 apparition, infrared spectroscopy conducted at the Keck Observatory has detected emissions of H
2O, CH
3OH, C
2H
6, H
2CO and NH
3 from its coma, where the latter three gases were found to be relatively depleted compared to other comets.[14]
The comet nucleus is estimated at 3.2 km (2.0 mi) in diameter.[2] Photometric measurements in 1976 revealed a rotation period of around 5.17±0.01 hours,[15] however this was revised after a periodogram analysis of its lightcurve in 2003 suggests that the comet has a longer rotation period, around 6.67±0.03 hours.[7]
Exploration
A study in 1966 proposed a Mariner-type mission to 6P/d'Arrest planned to be launched from an Atlas-Centaur by April 1976, arriving at the comet at a distance of 100,000 km (62,000 mi) about 115–145 days after launch, however this did not come to fruition.[16][17]
6P/d'Arrest was one of a trio of comets alongside 2P/Encke and 73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann targeted by the ill-fated CONTOUR mission,[18] which was launched but lost contact soon after reaching orbit in 2002. Had it been functional, the planned date for CONTOUR's flyby of d'Arrest would have been 2008, after visiting two other comets.[19]
Around 2007, 6P/d'Arrest was one of nine comets examined for a preliminary comet sample return mission study.[20] By the 2010s, three comet surface sample return missions (CONDOR, CORSAIR, and CAESAR) were selected as finalists for the New Frontiers Program, but the recently studied 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko and 88P/Howell were chosen as the selected targets. These proposals were ultimately not selected in favor of the Dragonfly mission to Titan.