2018 Toronto van attack

On April 23, 2018, at 11:38 a.m.,^[12] Minassian was dropped off by his father in front of a Chapters bookstore in Woodbridge,^[12][13] having lied about meeting a friend there.^[12][13][14] He then walked 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) to a Ryder rental location, where he had reserved a van for pickup two weeks earlier.^[12][13] Arriving at 12:40 p.m., Minassian received a white Chevrolet Express,^[12] claiming he needed it to move furniture.^[12][13][14] After receiving instructions on how to operate the vehicle, Minassian drove south on Creditstone Road, turned east onto Highway 7, and eventually turned south onto Yonge Street.^[12]

Upon reaching Finch Avenue, Minassian drove onto the west sidewalk of Yonge Street and rammed into a group of pedestrians in front of a Korean barbecue restaurant, killing two and injuring five.^[12][14] Continuing along the sidewalk, he fatally hit a woman near a Shoppers Drug Mart and a man near Tolman Street;^[12] the man's body was dragged for several metres before dislodging in front of a vape shop.^[12][15] Further south, Minassian injured a man at Kempford Boulevard and killed a woman in front of a nail salon, before injuring five more people between Horsham and Churchill Avenues. He briefly re-entered the roadway of Yonge Street and drove against traffic, fatally hitting a man at Parkview Avenue. At Park Home Avenue, Minassian veered back onto the sidewalk and rammed into another group, killing two and injuring four.^[12] One victim's body became trapped beneath the vehicle and was dragged for more than 150 metres.^[12][14][16]

Eventually, Minassian reached Mel Lastman Square, where he fatally hit three women.^[12][b] One victim was carrying a beverage, which splashed across the van's windshield and obscured Minassian’s view; Minassian later cited this as the reason he stopped driving.^[16][17] Following this, Minassian drove onto Beecroft Road and continued driving south until he re-entered Yonge Street via Bogert Avenue. He then drove onto the north sidewalk of Poyntz Avenue and brought his van to a stop.^[12]

Toronto Police Service constable Ken Lam intercepted Minassian's van on Poyntz Avenue, about 2.3 kilometres (1.4 mi) south of where the attack began.^[18] Lam stopped his unmarked cruiser near the van and confronted Minassian, who had exited the van and was standing near the opened driver-side door.^[19][20] During the confrontation, Minassian pointed a wallet toward Lam as if it were a gun and tried repeatedly to provoke Lam to kill him.^[20][21][22] When Lam realized that the object in Minassian's hand was not a gun, he holstered his pistol and took out his baton to avoid the use of unnecessary lethal force. Minassian then dropped the wallet and laid down on the ground. He was arrested at 1:32 p.m.

Nine people died at the scene. That same evening, at 8:15 p.m., the Toronto Police Service announced that a tenth person had died.^[23] An eleventh person died on October 28, 2021, after being paralyzed from the neck down and never leaving the hospital.^[1] The dead, aged 22 to 94, consisted of nine women and two men, including two South Korean nationals^[24][25][26] and a Jordanian national.^[27][28]

Fifteen others, ten women and five men aged 21 to 90, were injured. They included three citizens of South Korea, an Iranian national, and a Russian national.^{[29][30][31][32]}

In the immediate aftermath of the attack, the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) shut down subway service on the Toronto subway's North York Centre station and diverted bus routes serving the area.^[33] For over 24 hours, police cordoned off sections of Yonge Street to conduct a forensic investigation,^[34][35] forcing civic buildings in the area to close. Parts of Yonge Street were cordoned off until late on April 24, 2018, for the police investigation.^[34][35] Civic buildings in the area were closed, and while local businesses were not mandated to close, those fronting the sites of pedestrian deaths were restricted to rear-entry access.^[36]

Security was tighened around a meeting of G7 security ministers being held in Toronto in advance of the 44th G7 summit in La Malbaie, Quebec.^[37] Ministers were briefed on the tragedy, which prompted them to add discussions on soft targets, terrorism and social media, and online youth radicalization.^[38] The incident was included in the 2018 Public Report on the Terrorism Threat to Canada.^[39]

Faisal Hussain, perpetrator of the 2018 Toronto shooting, had also developed an interest in inceldom prior to his attack, but police found no evidence of radicalization.^[40]

Quick facts Alek Minassian, Born ...

Alek Minassian
Minassian in an undated photo from his LinkedIn personal page.
Born	(1992-11-03) November 3, 1992 (age 33)[41] North York, Ontario, Canada[42]
Citizenship	Canada
Occupation	Software developer
Criminal status	Incarcerated
Convictions	First-degree murder (10 charges) Attempted murder (16 charges)
Criminal penalty	Life imprisonment with the possibility of parole in 25 years
Military career
Branch	Canadian Army
Service years	0 (released after 16 days of training)
Rank	Private (recruit)
Service number	C23249161

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Police identified the suspect as Alek Minassian, who had no prior criminal history.^[43][44] His father, Vahe, had moved from Armenia to Canada and worked as a software developer, and his mother, Sona, was from Iran and had a job at IT company Compugen Inc.^[45] Minassian was also an aspiring software and mobile app developer.^[46]

Minassian was born in North York, formerly an independent city, now a district of Toronto.^[42] According to his LinkedIn profile, he was a student at Seneca College in North York from 2011 to 2018 and lived in Richmond Hill. Minassian had attended Sixteenth Avenue Public School, an elementary school in Richmond Hill, in a special education class.^[47][46] His former classmates at Thornlea Secondary School in Thornhill described him as "not overly social" and "harmless".^[48][49] Minassian attended a special needs class for students within the autism spectrum while at Thornlea Secondary School;^[50] Minassian's mother is quoted as saying in a 2009 article that her son has Asperger syndrome.^[51]

In late 2017, Minassian enrolled in the Canadian Armed Forces for two months, before requesting voluntary release after 16 days of recruit training.^[52] A senior military official said that Minassian "wasn't adapting to military life, including in matters of dress, deportment and group interactions in a military setting" and "there were no red flags and nothing that would point to anything like this."^[53]

Following the attack, a Facebook post made by Minassian was uncovered in which he identified himself as an incel ("involuntary celibate").^[48][54] The state of involuntary celibacy refers to being unable to find sexual partners^[55] and its subculture consists of primarily male online communities.^[56][57] The post, dated shortly before the beginning of the attack on April 23, read:

Private (Recruit) Minassian Infantry 00010, wishing to speak to Sgt 4chan please. C23249161. The Incel Rebellion has already begun! We will overthrow all the Chads and Stacys! All hail the Supreme Gentleman Elliot Rodger!^[58][59]

"Chad" and "Stacy" are nicknames used on incel-related forums within 4chan and Reddit to refer to popular, attractive, sexually active men and women, respectively.^[60][61] The term "Incel Rebellion" is sometimes used interchangeably with the term "Beta Uprising" or "Beta Male Uprising", which refers to a violent response to sexlessness.^[62] Elliot Rodger was the "incel founding father" who committed the 2014 Isla Vista killings in California, and someone whom Minassian claimed to have had contact with up until the days before the 2014 attacks.^[63][64][65] Rodger intended to target attractive women and sexually successful men, which led to him being posthumously idolized by some people on misogynistic online fringe communities, including several incel websites.^[66] Facebook, Inc. verified the account as belonging to Minassian.^[48][64] A source in the Department of National Defence told media that C23249161 was Minassian's military identification number during his army training.^[67]

On April 24, 2018, Minassian appeared without a lawyer before the Ontario Superior Court of Justice in a Toronto courthouse. He was charged with 10 counts of first degree murder and 13 counts of attempted murder and ordered not to contact any of the alleged attempted murder victims.^[68] His father, Vahe Minassian, was present in the gallery but told reporters that he had no contact to his son.^[69] By May 10, the attempted murder changes had increased to 16.^[70] Minassian later secured Toronto criminal defence lawyer Boris Bytensky to represent him.^[71] The subsequent legal proceedings faced repeated delays^[72][73] before the COVID-19 pandemic finally pushed the trial to November 2020.^[7][74]

The trial began on November 10, 2020, and was conducted over Zoom due to the COVID-19 pandemic.^[75] Minassian, who had already admitted to planning and carrying out the attack, pleaded not criminally responsible to the 10 counts of first-degree murder and 16 counts of attempted murder.^[76][77] During testimony on November 12, a psychiatrist retained by Minassian's defence team stated in a report that Minassian's "autistic way of thinking was severely distorted in a way similar to psychosis", despite Minassian not being technically psychotic.^[78] Attempts by Minassian and his defence to claim that he was not responsible for his actions due to his autism garnered criticism from autism rights advocates, who expressed concerns that the trial might worsen stigmas towards autistic people.^[10] Minassian was also found to be highly intelligent.^[79]

In the decision, Ontario Superior Court Justice Anne Molloy believed that Minassian seemed to be motivated by the desire for notoriety, and referred to him as "Mr. Doe" so as to avoid giving him further recognition.^[10] She wrote, "It is almost impossible to tell when Mr. Doe is lying and when he is telling the truth. Working out his exact motivation for this attack is likewise close to impossible," but that "nevertheless, I am inclined to accept the assessment of all of the experts that Mr. Doe did lie to the police about much of the incel motivation he talked about and that the incel movement was not in fact a primary driving force behind the attack."^[10] She also rejected his attempt to use his autism as a defence.^[80] On March 3, 2021, Minassian was found guilty on all counts in a verdict that was given by Molloy and streamed live on YouTube.^[81] However, sentencing was deferred until 2022 to await the decision of the Supreme Court of Canada in R v Bissonnette on whether prisoners can be made to serve murder sentences consecutively.^[82] On June 13, 2022, Minassian was sentenced to life in prison with no possibility of parole for 25 years.^[11] He filed a notice of appeal the following month, arguing among other things that the trial judge "misapprehended" expert evidence and made unreasonable findings.^[83]

Many domestic leaders expressed their support and condolences in the immediate aftermath of the attack, including Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau,^[89] Opposition Leader Andrew Scheer,^[89] Ontario Premier Kathleen Wynne,^[90] and Toronto Mayor John Tory.^[91]

Constable Ken Lam was lauded as a hero for his measured use of force to achieve a non-fatal resolution of his confrontation with Minassian, despite Minassian's seeking suicide by cop.^[92] Lam insisted that he was simply performing his duty.^[93][94]

Lighting at the CN Tower and the 3D Toronto sign at Nathan Phillips Square were colourless and dimmed for the evening of April 23, 2018. Flags were placed at half-mast at most government locations in Toronto and surrounding municipalities.^[95]

An impromptu memorial at Olive Square Park on the east-side of Yonge Street, directly across the street from where the attack began, was started by a local resident at 5:15 p.m. of the same day for people to place flowers and express their grief in writing.^[96] The person who started the memorial indicated that all the other public spaces along Yonge Street, including Mel Lastman Square, were cordoned off by police tape so he chose Olive Square which was not cordoned off.^[97] Small memorials ranging from a few bunches of flowers to about two dozen bunches of flowers, plus paper messages, photographs and candles in some cases, were established at each location from just south of Finch Avenue to just south of Park Home Avenue where a pedestrian was killed (at the southwest corner of Yonge Street and Park Home Avenue two victims were killed).^[98] Next to the fountain at the entry to Mel Lastman Square, where the greatest number of people were struck (at least two killed), another memorial gradually grew to become a hub memorial almost as large as the one at Olive Square.^[98]

On April 26, 2025, three days after the 7th anniversary of the attack, Canterbury Place street signs in North York were temporarily renamed to "Heroes' Way" in tribute to first-responders.^[99] This occurred on the same day as the Vancouver car attack.

• 2014 Isla Vista killings – misogynistic terror attacks perpetrated by Elliot Rodger, by whom Minassian was inspired.
• Toronto machete attack – a terrorist attack in Toronto that was also motivated by misogyny directly inspired by Minassian
• École Polytechnique massacre – the second deadliest mass shooting in Canada, which was also motivated by misogyny^[110]
• 2021 London, Ontario, truck attack – a 2021 Islamophobic vehicle-ramming attack that targeted and killed four members of a Muslim family and injured a fifth
• Tsuyama massacre
• 2009 Collier Township shooting
• 2015 Umpqua Community College shooting
• 2018 Tallahassee shooting
• 2020 Nova Scotia attacks – the deadliest mass shooting in Canada
• 2025 Vancouver car attack
• Controversial Reddit communities, which include the subreddits /r/incels and /r/braincels, both of which are since banned for condoning violence, rape, and harassment towards women; the latter subreddit was created to circumvent the ban of the former
• Crime in Toronto