Drum magazine
Extended capacity magazine for firearms
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A drum magazine is a type of extended capacity magazine for firearms.[1] Cylindrical in shape[2] (similar to a drum), drum magazines store rounds in a spiral around the center of the magazine, facing the direction of the barrel.[citation needed] Drum magazines are contrasted with more common box-type magazines, which have a lower capacity and store rounds in stacks.[3] The capacity of drum magazines varies, but is generally between 50 and 100 rounds.[4]
History and usage
1800s
In 1853, the first revolving drum magazine was patented by Charles N. Tyler,[5] and the first modern one by William H. Elliot, better known as the inventor of the Remington Double Derringer, in 1871.[6][7] In describing his invention Elliot wrote that his object was to provide not only a detachable magazine, but one "of much greater capacity than it could have if it were a part of the [firearm]".[6]
1900s
Pistols and rifles
A drum magazine was built for the Luger (Pistole 1908) pistol;[8] although the Luger usually used an 8-cartridge box magazine, the optional 32-cartridge Schneckenmagazine ("snail magazine") was also sometimes used.[9]
Moubray G. Farquhar and Arthur H. Hill applied for a British patent for "A New or Improved Cartridge Magazine for Small Arms and Machine Guns" in 1915 for a drum magazine for their Farquhar–Hill rifle, and it was accepted in 1919. Farquhar and Hill wrote that their invention's principal object was "to enable the magazines of fire arms and machine guns to carry a larger number of cartridges than is usual."[10]
Submachine guns
In 1915, the Standschütze Hellriegel M1915 (German: Maschinengewehr des Standschützen Hellriegel, "Machine gun from reservist Hellriegel"), an Austro-Hungarian water-cooled submachine gun, was produced during World War I in very limited prototype numbers.[11]
The Soviet PPD submachine gun originally designed in 1934 by Vasily Degtyaryov could use either a 35-round box magazine, or a 71-round drum magazine copied from the Finnish Suomi KP/-31 submachine gun. The Suomi however, used 9x19mm Parabellum instead, and the latter magazine was most common. The Soviet PPSh-41 and PPS-43 were submachine guns, which replaced the PPD were cheaper and more reliable weapons designed in 1941 and 1943, respectively. They too used 7.62×25mm Tokarev ammunition, could use either a 35-round box magazine or a 71-round drum magazine, and the latter was most common.[12]
The Thompson submachine gun ("Tommy gun") used a drum magazine in its classic form, but the drum magazines for this weapon were abandoned on the World War II models.[13] The M1921 Thompsons could accommodate either 20-round box magazines or 50-round cylindrical drum magazines; the latter were known as "L drums" because "L" is the Latin numeral for 50.[14] A 100-round "C drum" magazine (the letter standing for the Roman numeral for 100) was available, but weighed more than eight pounds and pushed the total weight of the gun to almost 20 pounds (9.1 kg).[15] The M1928 Navy and M1928A1 variants, used by the US Navy and US Marine Corps, could also accept drum magazines, but standard box magazines were more popular due to the drum magazines' weight and tendency to jam.[16]
Red Army soldier armed with a drum-equipped PPSh-41 marches a German soldier into captivity after the Battle of Stalingrad, 1943.
Thompson with 100-round drum
50- and 100-round drum magazines plus 20- and 30-round box magazines for Thompson SMG
Machine guns
An example of a machine gun with an optional belt drum magazine, containing a starter tab and 50-round length coil of ammunition belt, is the MG 42 (shortened from German: Maschinengewehr 42, or "machine gun 42"), a 7.92×57mm Mauser general-purpose machine gun designed in Nazi Germany and used extensively by the Wehrmacht and the Waffen-SS during the second half of World War II. The 50-round Gurttrommel (belt drum) was also used by the preceding MG 34 general purpose machine gun.[17] Designed to be low-cost and easy to build, the MG 42 proved to be highly reliable and easy to operate. It is most notable for its very high cyclic rate for a gun using full power service cartridges, averaging about 1,200 rounds per minute compared to around 850 for the MG 34, and perhaps 450 to 600 for other common machine guns such as the M1919 Browning or Bren.
Pan magazines
Pan magazines (also called "disc magazines") are also often referred to as a drum magazine. The pan magazine differs from other drum magazines in that the cartridges are stored perpendicular to the axis of rotation, rather than parallel, and are usually mounted on top of the firearm. This type is used on the Lewis gun, Vickers K, Bren gun (only used in anti-aircraft mountings), Degtyaryov light machine gun, and American-180 submachine gun. A highly unusual example was found on the Type 89 machine gun fed from two 45-round quadrant-shaped pan magazines (each magazine had a place for nine 5-round stripper clips).
Media related to Pan magazines at Wikimedia Commons
Beta C-Mag
The Beta C-Mag is a twin-drum, extended capacity magazine that accepts up to 100 rounds of ammunition.[18] First patented in 1987 and manufactured by the Beta Company, it has been adapted for use in numerous firearms firing 5.56×45mm NATO, 7.62×51mm NATO, and 9×19mm Parabellum cartridges.[18] At the time of closing its business, the Beta Company described the C-Mag as "the original high-capacity magazine." It had sold the magazine internationally for 37 years to law enforcement, militaries, and civilian firearm hobbyists.[19]
2000s
In the 2010s, drum magazines are manufactured for a variety of firearm platforms, including, among others, the Ruger Mini-14 in .223 caliber; the Kalashnikov rifle (AK) and its variants; firearms using STANAG magazines, and the H&K MP-5.[20]
Drum magazines once had a reputation for unreliability issues such as feed jams, but technological improvements resulted in better performance, while also reducing their cost.[3] As a result, drum magazines became more common in the civilian market in the United States, although they are less common than inexpensive, lower-capacity box magazines.[3] As of 2019, about six manufacturers produced drum magazines in the United States, retailing for about $100 each.[3] Manufacturers include KCI USA and Magpul Industries.[3][21] KCI makes drum magazines for AKs and AR-15s.[22][23] Magpul produces the same drum magazines for both civilian and military use.[3]
Mass shootings
Drum magazines have been used in a number of high-profile mass shootings in the United States, fueling calls to ban them and other magazines from civilian use.[3] Drum magazines were used in mass shootings in the 1989 Stockton schoolyard shooting;[24] 1994 Fairchild Air Force Base Hospital shooting; 2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting;[25][26] 2019 Gilroy Garlic Festival shooting; 2019 Dayton shooting;[3][27][28] and the 2022 Colorado Springs nightclub shooting.
Despite their larger capacity the actual effectiveness of drum magazines is debated due to compatibility issues and high-profile instances of them causing jams and malfunctions including the shootings in Aurora Colorado, Fairchild Air Force Base, and the North Hollywood shootout in 1994.[29][30][31]