Anemone hepatica
Species of flowering plant
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Anemone hepatica (syn. Hepatica nobilis), the common hepatica, liverwort,[2] liverleaf,[3] kidneywort, or pennywort, is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, native to woodland in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. This herbaceous perennial grows from a rhizome.
| Anemone hepatica | |
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Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Embryophytes |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Spermatophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Ranunculales |
| Family: | Ranunculaceae |
| Genus: | Anemone |
| Species: | A. hepatica |
| Binomial name | |
| Anemone hepatica | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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List
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Description
Anemone hepatica grows 5–15 cm (2–6 in) high. Leaves and flowers emerge directly from the rhizome, not from a stem above ground.
The leaves have three lobes and are fleshy and hairless, 7–9 cm (2+3⁄4–3+1⁄2 in) wide and 5–6 cm (2–2+1⁄4 in) long. The upper side is dark green with whitish stripes and the lower side is violet or reddish brown. Leaves emerge during or after flowering and remain green through winter.
The flowers are blue, purple, pink, or white and appear in winter or spring. They have five to ten oval showy sepals and three green bracts.[citation needed]
Taxonomy
The taxonomy of the genus Anemone and its species is not fully resolved, but phylogenetic studies of many species of Anemone and related genera[4] indicate that species of the genus Hepatica should be included under Anemone because of similarities both in molecular attributes and other shared morphologies.[5] The circumscription of the taxon is also debated, some authors listing the North American var. acuta[6] and var. obtusa,[7] while other list them as the separate species A. acutiloba and A. americana, respectively.[8]
Varieties
Varieties of Anemone hepatica that are sometimes recognized include:[1]
- Anemone hepatica var. japonica, a synonym of Hepatica nobilis var. japonica Nakai, is native to the Russian Far East, China, Korea, and Japan[9][10]
- Anemone hepatica var. acuta, a synonym of Hepatica acutiloba DC., is native to eastern North America[11]
- Anemone hepatica var. obtusa, a synonym of Hepatica americana (DC.) Ker Gawl., is native to eastern North America[12]
Anemone hepatica var. japonica
Distribution and habitat
It is found in woods, thickets and meadows, especially in the mountains of continental Europe, North America and Japan.[citation needed]
Ecology
Hepatica flowers produce pollen but no nectar. In North America, the flowers first attract Lasioglossum sweat bees and small carpenter bees looking in vain for nectar. Then when the stamens begin to release pollen, the bees return to collect and feed on pollen. Mining bees sometimes visit the flowers, but prefer flowers that produce both nectar and pollen.[13][dubious – discuss]
Toxicity
Like other Ranunculaceae, fresh liverwort contains protoanemonin and is therefore slightly toxic.[citation needed]
Uses
Under the name Hepatica nobilis, which is regarded as a synonym, this plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[14]
Culture
It is since 2006 the official flower of the Sweden Democrats political party in Swedish politics.[15]
In Japan, where the plant is known as Yukiwariso (雪割草, yukiwarisō, lit. 'snow-breaking plant') or Misumisō (ミスミソウ), it has become popular as the subject of winter flower festivals in Tokyo and Niigata. The plant is also a common subject in Japanese artwork from the 19th century, which depicts cultivars with colours and petal shapes which are not believed to be extant in the present day; cultivation of the plant tailed off following the Meiji Restoration, regaining popularity in the 1970s with the discovery of several unique natural varieties near Niigata, leading to a renewed interest in developing liverleaf cultivars.[16]
