Big Five game

Elephant

The African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana) is the largest extant land animal currently found in 24 African countries and a variety of habitats.^[2] Sometimes called the African savannah elephant, the species is listed as endangered by the IUCN.^[2] Tusks are present on males and females, providing a trophy for hunters and making them prized targets for hunting.^[3][4]

Rhinoceros

Two species of African rhinoceros are considered part of the Big Five, the white (Ceratotherium simum) and black (Diceros bicornis), each have several subspecies. Both currently exist in several south and eastern African countries in savanna or grassland habitats.^[5][6] The white rhinoceros is listed as near threatened by the IUCN,^[5] and the black rhinoceros is considered to be critically endangered.^[6] Both species have two keratinized horns, which are desirable as trophies and in traditional Chinese medicine, making them popular targets for trophy hunting.^[7][4]

African Buffalo

The African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is a large horned bovid. There are 4 recognized subspecies found in a variety of habitats in central and southern Africa.^[8] The IUCN lists the species as near threatened with a decreasing population trend.^[8] They were typically hunted for food but their broad horns have become a popular trophy for hunters.^[4]

Leopard

The leopard (Panthera pardus) is a large, carnivorous feline which has an expansive range across Africa and Asia. Leopard habitats vary greatly from tropical forests, plains, deserts and mountains.^[9] The IUCN lists the species as vulnerable with a decreasing population.^[10] Being large carnivores, hunting leopards is desirable for hunters due to the perceived danger associated with the species.^[4]

Lion

The lion (Panthera leo) is a large, carnivorous feline found across Africa, with a small population in the Gir forest of northwestern India.^[11] The IUCN lists the species as threatened.^[12] As a large and charismatic apex predator with cultural significance, lions are among the most popular species to view on safari tours, and desirable for hunters given the perceived danger.^[4]

Elephants

Historically, African elephants have been hunted and killed for two main reasons, sports and their ivory (tusks). The hunting of elephants began with European explorers and colonial hunters in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with the rise in popularity of Big game hunting in Africa.^[1] Luxury items such as carved objects or piano keys were made from ivory taken from elephant tusks and were sold at a high price in an international market, which increased the hunting pressure on elephants.^[1]

During the 20th century, there was further decrease of elephant populations due to the combination of legal hunting of elephants as well as the illegal poaching for their ivory.^[13] Studies have demonstrated that elephant populations and behaviours are affected by poaching, for example, it has been shown that when elephants perceive hunting pressure they may alter their migratory patterns.^[13]

Rhinoceros

The rhinoceros was once very abundant across the African continent, with populations of around 500 000 animals in the early twentieth century.^[14] During expeditions to Southern Africa in the 1830s, large numbers of black rhinoceros were reported, though those expeditions often included hunting the animals as game.^[14] Concern over their declining numbers emerged early on, as officials in Kenya were already alarmed by large scale poaching by 1906. By 1932, extinction was considered a serious possibility, with observers reporting that rhinoceros were being killed faster than they could reproduce. By the 1960s, very few numbers of black rhinoceros remained south of the Rivers Zambezi and Kunene.^[14] In 2011, the Western black rhinoceros was declared extinct by the IUCN, with poaching being the primary cause.^[15]

Beyond trophy hunting, rhinoceros have been targeted by poachers due to the high value placed on their horn. The market price has risen from $550 per kilogram in 1979 to $60,000 per kilogram today.^[14] Poaching is also driven by illegal trade supplying some Asian Markets, where rhinoceros horn is valued for its perceived medicinal properties. Legal hunting of black and white rhinoceros happens on a small regulated scale in South Africa and Namibia. From the first regulated hunt in 1972 through 2018, 2,538 white rhinoceros were hunted in South Africa and 61 in Namibia.^[14] From 2005 to 2018, 47 black rhinoceros were hunted in South Africa and 12 in Namibia.^[16] By contrast, 6,087 rhinoceros were recorded as poached in South Africa and Namibia from 2013 to 2017, compared to 423 legally hunted rhinoceros over the same period.^[16]

African Buffalo

Throughout history, buffalo were highly valuable game typically hunted for food.^[17] In the early 1800s, hunting of valuable game like buffalo in many African countries was tightly controlled by the Indigenous tribes in the area, and these groups imposed strict regulations on visitors in their territory.^[18] Leaders and ruling families of these groups were responsible for hunting management and ensuring conservation of commonly hunted animals to prevent population collapse. With the creation of colonies in Africa, foreign countries took over conservation and hunting management, and settles began to hunt the local animals more aggressively.^[18] Settlers also expanded the agriculture and livestock industries in African countries, which led to large areas of land being used for farming and the spread of more zoonotic diseases. One example of this is Rinderpest, or cattle plague, one of the most dangerous diseases for cattle, which killed entire herds throughout many European countries in the 1800s.^[19] A Rinderpest outbreak in the 1880s in Africa decimated buffalo populations, and it was thought that the disease was brought to the continent through imported cattle from Europe.^[19]

Traditionally, buffalo were not thought to be necessary of protection or conservation because they were so common. However in the late 1800s, hunters started to realize the effects of uncontrolled hunting, and this led to the creation of the first African hunting reserve^[18] For example, Selous Game Reserve was first created in 1896 to preserve the hunting populations of local animals, and was eventually expanded and turned into a reserve sanctuary where hunting quotas are strictly enforced.^[20] It now houses the biggest population of African buffalo in the world.^[20] Today, the African buffalo are hunted much less for food but continue to be hunted for their horns, which are popular trophies for hunters. 4200 buffalo trophies were imported into the USA from 2005-2015 from several African countries such as Swaziland and South Africa.^[4]

Leopard

Leopards have been commonly hunted for fur and for use in traditional medicines and other practices. Their bones, teeth, claws and fat have been used in traditional African medicines and religious ceremonies.^[21] The skins are often used as a part of ceremonial regalia in several countries. Traditionally, this was reserved for African royalty but leopard skin garments have become more common in recent decades for people, mostly men, of all classes to be worn during religious gatherings.^[21]

The big cats have also been killed due to their infrequent attacks on people and livestock.^[22] During the colonial era they were hunted by professional hunters such as Jim Corbett and Kenneth Anderson in India.^[23][24] This history of conflict has influenced the hunting of the species and many leopards have been killed due to the assumed threat they pose to villages and livestock. Between, 1920-1922, 133 leopards were culled in South Africa, and more recently, 120 leopard trophies were exported from South Africa per year between 2004 and 2006.^[25] The effects of trophy hunting on leopard populations is still uncertain. Hunting of coexisting lions have resulted in a mesopredator release, where the lions are the apex predators and the leopards are the mesopredators, which has likely masked the detrimental effects of trophy hunting.^[25]

Leopards now occupy only about 37% of their native African range, with some estimates as low as 25%.^[26] This range reduction is well above average for large carnivores worldwide (63-75% loss compared to an average of about 53% for other predators) and is in part due to hunting, as well as environmental effects like habitat loss.^[27] 12 African countries are still allowed to export leopard skins with quotas set by the Convention for the International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES).^[28] Tanzania is currently the most popular country for leopard sport hunting and has one of the highest quotas for exporting leopard trophies, they export an average of 303 per year.^[29]

Lions

Historically, lions have been a target of the colonial era big-game hunting in Africa; dating back to the late 19th century and continuing into the early 20th century.^[1] Lions were hunted by many British and European hunters who sought to hunt "dangerous" animals, and viewed lions as a symbol of courage and prestige. Accounts from early safaris describe lion hunting as one of the greatest achievements for hunters.^[1]

As with the leopards, lions were also killed due to the threat they could potentially pose to humans and livestock. One of the most famous examples of this being the two man-eating lions of Tsavo, who were hunted and killed by John Henry Patterson after killing and eating an estimated 35 people in 1898.^[30] However, this behaviour is considered rare.

Lion hunting is still practiced today in various parts of Africa under regulated trophy hunting practices. In many countries, this includes regulated hunting quotas to monitor the number of lions harvested. However, there has been much debate on whether lion hunting can be sustainable in many areas of Africa, particularly where little or no data exists regarding lion populations and management^[31]. Research suggests that poor regulation of lion hunting may result in population decline at the local level, particularly if male lions of reproductive age are being hunted in large numbers.^[31] Tanzania is also the country with the highest occurrence of lion trophy hunting, they exported 243 lion trophies on average per year from 1996-2006.^[29]