Blaise Compaoré

1983 coup

On 4 August 1983, Compaoré organized a coup d'état, which deposed Major Jean-Baptiste Ouedraogo.^[14] The coup d'état was supported by Libya, which was, at the time, on the verge of war with France in Chad.^[15] Other key participants were Captain Henri Zongo, Major Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani and the charismatic Captain Thomas Sankara, who was pronounced President.

During the Agacher Strip War with Mali in December 1985, Compaoré commanded Burkinabé soldiers who split into small groups and employed guerrilla tactics against Malian tanks.^[16]

1987 coup

Compaoré took power on 15 October 1987 in a coup during which Sankara was killed.^[17] Deteriorating relations with France and the neighboring Ivory Coast was the reason given for the coup. Compaoré described the killing of Sankara as an 'accident', but the circumstances have never been properly investigated.^[18] Upon taking the presidency, he annulled many of the policies of Sankara, claiming that his own direction was a "rectification" of the Burkinabé revolution.

He initially ruled in a triumvirate with Henri Zongo and Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani. In September 1989, Zongo and Boukary Lingani were arrested, charged with plotting to overthrow the government, summarily tried, and executed.^[19]

First years and 1990s

In October 1987, Compaoré and many others formed a new political party called the Popular Front, centered around communist, as well as Marxist–Leninist ideals.^[20] He pledged to continue pursuing the goals of the revolution, but to "rectify" policies which he saw as deviating from the path set out by Thomas Sankara.^[21]

In September 1989, while Compaoré was returning from a two-week trip to Asia, there were rumors of a plot to overthrow his government and alleged plotters were arrested that same day, while Compaoré changed the membership of the nation's government. In 1990, he introduced "limited democratic reforms."^[22] In June 1991, he announced that Burkina Faso would adopt a new constitution.

In the 1990s, Compaoré supported rebels in Sierra Leone during the country's civil war, a war that would kill over 45,000 people and last for 11 years.

In 1991, Compaoré was elected as the president of Burkina Faso, in an election boycotted by the main opposition parties in protest at the questionable means he had allegedly used to take office in the first place. Only 25 percent of the electorate voted.^{[citation needed]} In 1998, Compaoré was re-elected as president.

Between 1998 and 1999, an insurgency began in Burkina Faso. Many protests, riots, strikes, rallies and marches took place throughout the country. Protesters attacked government properties and civilian houses.^[23]

2000s

Compaoré agreed to meet with organizations supervised by the United Nations after allegations surfaced that his government has been involved in smuggling arms to rebels in Sierra Leone and Angola. A week before that, Compaoré met with representatives from Germany, France, and the European Union, to address their concerns that the country had violated the arms embargo against Sierra Leone and Unita rebels.^[24]

In 2003, following accusations of a coup plot against Compaoré, numerous alleged plotters were arrested and, in a trial held in April 2004, they were found guilty. Many sympathizers gathered around the court cheering the plotters for their actions.^[25]

In August 2005, he announced his intention to participate in the next presidential election. Opposition politicians regarded this as unconstitutional due to a 2000 amendment limiting a president to two terms and reducing term lengths from seven to five years. Compaoré's supporters disputed this, arguing that the amendment could not be applied retroactively,^[26] and in October 2005, the constitutional council ruled that because Compaoré was a sitting president in 2000, the amendment would not apply until the end of his 2nd term in office, thereby allowing him to submit his candidacy for the 2005 election. On 13 November 2005, Compaoré was re-elected as president, defeating 12 opponents and winning 80.35 percent of the vote.

Compaoré was sworn in for another term on 20 December 2005.^[27]

In 2008, protests took place because of high living costs, calling for wage increases.^[28] Compaoré responded by suspending import taxes on products like food for half a year and by increasing subsidies for water and electricity.^[29]

Final years in power (2010-2014)

Compaoré announced the establishment of a new Senate with a total of 89 members, with 29 of the senators to be directly appointed by the president, and the rest chosen by local politicians.^[31]

2011 protests

On 14 April 2011, Compaoré was reported to have fled from the capital Ouagadougou to his hometown of Ziniare after military formations mutinied in their barracks reportedly over unpaid allowances,^[32] with the mutiny spreading to the presidential compound and army bases.^[32] During the night, gunfire was reported at the presidential compound and an ambulance was seen leaving the compound and soldiers began looting shops in the city.^[33]

2014 uprising

In June 2014 Compaoré's ruling party, the Congress for Democracy and Progress (CDP), called on him to organise a referendum that would allow him to alter the constitution in order to seek re-election in 2015. Otherwise, he would be forced to step down due to term limits.^[34]

On 30 October 2014, the National Assembly was scheduled to debate an amendment to the constitution that would have enabled Compaoré to stand for re-election as president in 2015. Opponents protested against this by storming the parliament building in Ouagadougou, starting fires inside it and looting offices. Billowing smoke was reported by the BBC to be coming from the building.^[35] Opposition spokesman Pargui Emile Paré of the People's Movement for Socialism / Federal Party described the protests as 'Burkina Faso's black spring (sic), like the Arab spring (sic)'.^[36]

Compaoré reacted to the events by shelving the proposed constitutional changes, dissolving the government, declaring a state of emergency and offering to work with the opposition to resolve the crisis. Later in the day, the military, under General Honore Traore, announced that it would install a transitional government 'in consultation with all parties' and that the National Assembly was dissolved; he foresaw 'a return to the constitutional order' within a year. He did not make clear what role, if any, he envisioned for Compaoré during the transitional period.^[37][38][39] Compaoré said that he was prepared to leave office at the end of the transition.^[40]

On 31 October, Compaoré announced he had left the presidency and that there was a 'power vacuum'. He also called for a 'free and transparent' election within 90 days. Presidential guard officer Yacouba Isaac Zida then took over as head of state in an interim capacity. It was reported that a heavily armed convoy believed to be carrying Compaoré was traveling towards the southern town of Pô.^[41] However, it diverted before reaching the town and he then fled to Ivory Coast with the support of President Alassane Ouattara.^{[42][43][44][45]}

A week later, Jeune Afrique published an interview with Compaoré in which he alleged that 'part of the opposition was working with the army' to plot his overthrow and that 'history will tell us if they were right'. He added that he would 'not wish for his worst enemy' to be in Zida's place.^[46]

The first head of state that has been in office for more than a short time after Blaise Campaoré is Roch Marc Christian Kaboré as of 29 December 2015.