Buleleng Regency

Protohistory

The territory of Pedawa, one of the 62 Bali Aga villages in the island,^[7] is the depository of several sarcophagi present at Ingsakan, Banjar Asah, Lebahlinggah, and Tampug. There are also three types of megaliths used in religious rituals and known as taulan (small stones used as symbols of Ida (God) – equivalent to Arca -, found in all main temples of Pedawa village); gainan (a stacked stone located at the Munduk Madeg Temple in Pedawa village), and umah taksu (a stacked stone similar to punden terraces in some areas of Pedawa village). Each of these items is witness to the ancient creation of the village, taking it into prehistoric times^[8] They come in par with the megaliths collected in various parts of Bali and gathered at Sanur stone park.^[9]

Buleleng Kingdom

Previously, the area in North Bali or Den Bukit was never united, they fought and attacked each other, until finally this area was united by a man named I Gusti Anglurah Panji Sakti from Dalem Sagening Dynasty by uniting all the areas in North Bali that were in conflict.

Then I Gusti Anglurah Panji Sakti controlled the entire area of North Bali/Den Bukit and began to expand his territory to Jembrana, Karangasem, Bangli, Tabanan and even Banyuwangi. After the death of I Gusti Ngurah Panji Sakti in 1704, the Buleleng Kingdom began to falter due to the struggle for power, plus the colonial areas began to rebel and put up resistance such as the Jembrana rebellion in West Bali and the Karangasem resistance in East Bali.

Controlled by Mengwi and Karangasem

In 1732, Buleleng was controlled by the Mengwi Kingdom, but they regained their independence in 1752. Furthermore, the Buleleng Kingdom fell into the power of the king of Karangasem in 1780. The King of Karangasem, I Gusti Gede Karang built a palace called "Puri Singaraja". The next king to rule was his son named I Gusti Pahang Canang who ruled until 1821. Karangasem's power then weakened, there were several changes of king. In 1825, I Gusti Made Karangasem ruled with his patih, I Gusti Ketut Jelantik until it was conquered by the Dutch in 1849.

Resistance against Dutch colonialism

In 1846, Buleleng was attacked by Dutch troops, but it met with fierce resistance from the Buleleng community led by the warlord (patih) I Gusti Ketut Jelantik. In 1848, Buleleng was again attacked by Dutch navy troops at Fort Jagaraga. In the third attack, in 1849, the Dutch were finally able to destroy Fort Jagaraga so that Buleleng could be defeated by the Dutch . Since then, Buleleng was controlled by the Dutch East Indies colonial government, the Buleleng region was made a "Swapraja" with the Dutch king as its ruler, the king of Buleleng from the Panji Sakti dynasty was then appointed as regent under colonial supervision.

Independence era

After the independence of the Republic of Indonesia, the Buleleng Kingdom had the status of the Buleleng Level II Region and abolished the Monarchy system of the Kingdom to become the Regent of the Regency.

Borders

The borders of Buleleng Regency are as follows:^[11]

Northern

• Bali Sea and northern Java Sea

Southern

• Kintamani District, Bangli Regency
• Petang District, Bangli Regency Badung
• Tabanan Regency and Jembrana Regency

Western

• Jembrana Regency and Bali Strait

Eastern

• Kubu District, Karangasem Regency

Topography

Buleleng Regency, located in the north of Bali Island, has a very diverse topography, consisting of lowlands, hills, and mountains. Most of the Buleleng Regency area is a hilly and mountainous area stretching in the south, while in the north, namely along the coast, is a lowland. These unique conditions make the topography of Buleleng Regency often called Nyegara Gunung.

The topographic conditions of Buleleng Regency based on the slope, the difference in height from sea level and its landscape can be grouped into 4 (four) topographic units, namely:

1. Flat areas with a slope of 0 – 1.9% covering an area of 12,264.75 Ha or 8.98%;
2. Sloping areas with a slope of 2 – 24.9% covering an area of 70,226 Ha or 51.41%;
3. Sloping areas with a slope of 25 – 39.9% covering an area of 21,462.75 Ha or 15.71%;
4. Steep areas with a slope of above 40% covering an area of 32,634.5 Ha or 23.89%.

Based on the altitude, it is grouped into 4 (four) altitudes, namely:

1. Lowlands (0 – 24.9 m above sea level and 25 – 99.9 m above sea level)
2. Medium Plains (100 – 499.9 m above sea level)
3. Highlands (500 – 999.9 m above sea level)
4. Mountain Plains (> 1000 m above sea level)^[10]

Geology

Stratigraphically, the rock layers found in Buleleng Regency generally consist of bereksi rocks, lava, tuff and lahar, which are spread in almost all areas of Buleleng Regency. There is a fault which is estimated to be in the Gerokgak District area, namely two large arcs that are parallel extending to the west and east which are located in the Pulaki Volcanic Rock Formation which consists of bereksi and lava. Two horizontal faults estimated in the West End of Bali Island (among them the Prapat Agung Formation which is predominantly covered by limestone with the Palasari Formation consisting of sandstone, conglomerate and reef limestone). Two more faults estimated to be in the Tejakula District area are located between the tuff rock formation and the Buyan, Bratan and Batur lava deposits with the Buyan Bratan and Batur Purba formations. In addition to these structures, layering structures are also found on the tuff rock, lava from the Buyan Bratan Purba Group of volcanic rocks.^[10]

Climate

Based on the Köppen climate classification, most of the Buleleng Regency area has a tropical wet and dry climate (Aw) with air temperatures varying based on altitude, namely between 19°–33 °C. The relative humidity level in this area ranges from 82%–75%. Due to its tropical wet and dry climate, the Buleleng region has two seasons, namely the dry season and the rainy season. The dry season in the Buleleng region lasts from May–October with the driest month being August. Meanwhile, the rainy season lasts from December–March with a monthly rainfall of more than 200 mm per month. Between the dry and rainy seasons there is a transitional season which usually occurs in April and November. The annual rainfall in the Buleleng area ranges from 1,000 to 2,300 mm per year with the number of rainy days ranging from 80 to 120 rainy days per year.

Parliament

Administrative districts

The regency is divided into nine districts (kecamatan), tabulated below with their areas and population totals from the 2010 census^[13] and the 2020 census,^[14] together with the official estimates as of mid-2024.^[1] The table also includes the number of administrative villages in each district (totaling 129 rural desa and 19 urban kelurahan), and its postal codes.

The administrative centres of each district have the same name as the district itself, except for the Buleleng District (of which the centre is Singaraja, which also serves as the administrative capital of the whole Regency) and Sawan District (of which the centre is Sangsit).

For convenience the table is divided into two geographical groups, a western group of four districts covering 61% of the land area but with just 41% of the population, and an eastern group of five districts with 39% of the land area and a faster-growing 59% of the population.

Note: (a) Gerokgak District includes the offshore island of Pulau Menjangan Kecil. (b) includes the kelurahan of Seririt, plus 20 desa.
(c) includes the kelurahan of Sukasada, plus 14 desa. (d) comprises 17 kelurahan and 12 desa.

• 
  Map of Buleleng Regency in Bali
• 
  Map of districts in Buleleng Regency

List of districts and villages in Buleleng Regency as follows:

• Districts in Buleleng regency (west to east)
• 
  Gerokgak district
• 
  Seririt district
• 
  Busung Biu district
• 
  Banjar district
• 
  Sukasada district

• 
  Buleleng district
• 
  Sawan district
• 
  Kubutambahan district
• 
  Tejakula district

Ethnicities

Most of the ethnic groups in Buleleng are Balinese. Based on data from the Central Bureau of Statistics in the Indonesian Population Census 2010, as many as 575,905 people or 92.27% of the 624,125 people of Buleleng Regency are of the Balinese ethnic group.^[15] Then the Javanese ethnic as much as 2.41%, and several others such as the Bali Aga, Madurese, Bugis, and several others ethnic groups.^[15] In Singaraja, there is a Bugis village, where the majority of the residents are Bugis and majority are Hindus.

The following is the population of Buleleng Regency based on ethnicity in 2010:^[15]

Religion