Philippe, Chevalier de Lorraine

Early life

Philippe de Lorraine was born on 28 September 1643, likely at the Hôtel du Quai Malaquais, which was the official Paris residence of the family of Henri de Lorraine, Count of Harcourt and his wife, Marguerite-Philippe du Cambout.^[3] Philippe de Lorraine's father, the count of Harcourt, had in August 1643 been given the role of Grand Squire of France, a prestigious office in charge of the royal stables, the transport of the king, and his ceremonial entourage, and was thus entitled to be referred to as Monsieur le Grand.^[4] Less than a week after Lorraine's birth, in his capacity as Grand Squire, Harcourt set out for England under the orders of Anne of Austria and Cardinal Mazarin to act as an intermediary in a dispute between Charles I of England and his parliament.^[5]

Lorraine was baptized on 6 June 1644, in the same ceremony as his elder brother, Louis, Count of Armagnac. Lorraine's godmother, Anne of Austria, then-regent of France, named him Philippe, which was the name she also wished to give to her son, the duke of Anjou (later Philippe, Duke of Orléans).^[6]

Between 1649 and 1651, Lorraine and the other younger sons of Harcourt and Cambout spent some time in the company of the young King Louis XIV and his brother, the duke of Anjou, although they likely did so with less frequency than did the count of Armagnac, who was one of the king's designated childhood companions.^[7]

In January 1649, during the Fronde des Parlements, the king and his court fled Paris, planning to lay siege to it. The count of Harcourt had not been informed, and therefore his family, including Lorraine, were left trapped in their residence, where they were functionally prisoners.^[8]

Lorraine was created a knight of Malta on 24 November 1649, at the age of six, at the same time as his two-year-old brother, Raymond-Bérenger de Lorraine.^[9] The count of Harcourt purchased positions in the Order of Malta for three of his sons at a price of 3,990 livres each.^[10] Such a position allowed his sons to hold ecclesiastical offices, while also affording them the opportunity to have a military command.^[11] It was around this time that Lorraine began to be referred to by the title of "chevalier de Lorraine."^[12]

At the age of seven, Lorraine was breeched, and received a governor and a preceptor. Lorraine's governor is unknown, but his preceptor was the king's almoner, Gilles Le Jouynel.^[13] Lorraine was educated in mathematics, French, Latin, Italian, history, geography, dance, and fencing.^[14] He was noted to have been a precocious child with regards to military practice, including equestrianism and hunting, the latter of which was contemporaneously considered the best method of teaching young boys the art of war.^[15]

On the night of 12 January 1652, Lorraine and his brothers escaped the chaos in Paris during the Fronde des Princes to seek safety at the Abbey of Royaumont; however, their mother, Cambout, was arrested while attempting to leave.^[16]

Monsieur's favourite and sexuality

There is some debate as to when Lorraine became the lover of the duke of Orléans (known as Monsieur at court), with hypotheses ranging from 1658 to 1667.^[17][18] Based on the account of Daniel de Cosnac, Monsieur's confessor, Pieragnoli argues that the affair likely began sometime in the winter of 1666-1667.^[19][20]

During the War of Devolution, the duke requested that the chevalier and his Harcourt Regiment be placed under his command; after initially denying his brother's request, the king eventually approved it.^[21] On the night of 24-25 August 1667, Lorraine was wounded in the foot by a grenade during an assault at Lille; contemporaries noted that Monsieur had him moved to his own tent and passed entire days there.^[22][23] Following his return from the campaign in Flanders, Monsieur declared "that he had resolved to distinguish [Lorraine] from all others in the realm [and] to give him a place in his house."^[24] Upon arriving at the Château de Villers-Cotterêts, Cosnac records that Lorraine "was received by Monsieur with incredible joy. From that moment, [Monsieur's] favour had been declared."^[25] Monsieur and Lorraine were for days inseparable.^[26]

After the duke of Orléans married Henriette of England (known as Madame at court) at the Palais-Royal in 1661, Lorraine remained a prominent presence within the household.^[27] Contemporary correspondence and later memoirists attest to the tension between Lorraine and Henriette,^[28] as well as to Philippe's limited discretion regarding his long-standing relationship with Lorraine.^[29][30]

Lorraine remained Monsieur's maître en titre (official favourite) or favori déclaré (declared favourite) from the end of the 1660s to the end of the duke's life in 1701, in a "long-term partnership in a very modern sense."^[31][32][33] As such he was entrusted with running the Orléans household.^[34] In this capacity he oversaw the duke's finances; ran the duke's residences at the Palais-Royal and the Château de Saint-Cloud; and exercised some influence over household appointments and dismissals.^[35] At times during their relationship, Lorraine and the duke lived in a ménage à trois with Antoine Coëffier de Ruzé, Marquis d'Effiat or Charles, Marquis de Beuvron.^[36]

The relationship between the Lorraine and the duke reportedly affected Monsieur's first marriage to Henriette Stuart. Contemporary accounts indicate that the duke of Orléans declared he could not love his wife without Lorraine's approval, contributing to marital tensions.^[30]

According to Henriette, Elizabeth Charlotte, and Saint-Simon, Lorraine frequently manipulated the duke of Orléans.^{[citation needed]} The duke of Orléans married Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate in 1671, who later wrote of Lorraine:

Philippe de Lorraine was three years younger than Philippe d'Orléans. Insinuating, brutal and devoid of scruple, he was the great love of Monsieur's life. He was also the worst enemy of the latter's two wives. As greedy as a vulture, this younger son of the French branch of the House of Lorraine had, by the end of the 1650s, hooked Monsieur like a harpooned whale. The young prince loved him with a passion that worried Madame Henriette and the court bishop, Cosnac, but it was plain to the King that, thanks to the attractive face and sharp mind of the good-looking chevalier, he would have his way with his brother.^[37]

Lorraine was likely bisexual, having had recorded relationships with several people of different genders, including Elizabeth de Fiennes (with whom it was rumoured he had a son), Madame de Grancey, Monsieur, Effiat, and Armand de Gramont, Comte de Guiche.^[38][39][40]

Imprisonment and first exile

On 31 January 1670, the king's guard surrounded Monsieur's apartments at the Château de Saint-Germain and arrested the Chevalier de Lorraine.^[41] Louis XIV may have ordered the arrest for a variety of reasons, including Lorraine's role in forming a rift between the king and Monsieur by informing Monsieur of his exclusion from negotiations of the Secret Treaty of Dover; "as a result of Monsieur’s overreaching demands for ecclesiastic benefices for his favourite"; and to appease repeated demands for Lorraine's removal from Madame's brother, King Charles II of England, and his ministers, who threatened that to do otherwise "could very well change the whole fact of the affairs under negotiation [the Secret Treaty of Dover]."^{[42][43][44][45][46][47]} Lorraine was imprisoned first in the Château de Pierre Scize, near Lyon, and then at the island fortress of the Château d'If, offshore from Marseille.^[48][49][50]

In protest of Lorraine's imprisonment, Monsieur removed himself to the Château de Villers-Cotterêts and forced Madame to Saint-Germain.^[51][52] Henriette's absence from court prevented her from fulfilling her role as go-between for the signing of the Secret Treaty of Dover, forcing King Louis to negotiate with his brother for his permission for Madame to return.^[53]

In February 1670, Louis agreed to mitigate the severity of the punishment, and on 24 February, Monsieur returned to court.^[54] The king sent Lorraine into exile in Rome with a pension of 10,000 écus, together with his brother, Charles, Count of Marsan, who had defended him.^[55] Lorraine was allowed to return to the French court in 1672, possibly because the king viewed him as a means by which to control the duke of Orléans.^[56]

Accused of poisoning

On 30 June 1670, Henriette died suddenly and mysteriously at Saint-Cloud, convinced that she had been poisoned.^[57] Although Monsieur was initially suspected, his genuine grief over her passing exonerated him in the eyes of most, and blame for the poisoning fell on Lorraine, the Marquis d'Effiat, and the Marquis de Beuvron or Antoine Morel de Volonne.^[58][59]

For the king, the accusations that Madame had been poisoned threatened the reputation of his family, his court, and his relations with England.^[60] He and Monsieur demanded an open autopsy, which was conducted by the best physicians and surgeons in France, and presided over by French and English diplomats and an English surgeon.^[61][62] The autopsy concluded that Henriette had died of natural causes, having found that several of her vital organs were decomposing, including her stomach, intestines, and liver; her abdominal cavity had advanced gangrene; and she had a punctured lung.^[63][64] In addition, the autopsy found that Madame had been suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis when she died.^[65] She had been in poor health for several weeks before collapsing at Saint-Cloud, having been unable to eat anything but milk when she departed for England three weeks prior, and having been complaining for days of "pains in her side and stomach."^[66]

Today, experts believe that the first Madame probably died of peritonitis caused by a ruptured ulcer.^[67] Historians Nancy Nichols Barker, Elizabeth Lurgo, and Joan Pieragnoli maintain that she was not poisoned.^{[68][69][70][71]}

Despite significant evidence against poisoning, rumours persisted that Lorraine and Effiat had poisoned Henriette. These rumours were taken up between 68 and 78 years later by Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon in his Mémoires, in which he claimed that with the intention of killing the duchess, while exiled in Italy,^[72]

the Chevalier de Lorraine sent a sure and rapid poison to his two friends [Effiat and Beuvron] by a messenger who did not probably know what he carried.^[73]

Monsieur's second wife, Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, also believed that Lorraine had poisoned the first Madame, this time with the help of Effiat and Antoine Morel de Volonne. She wrote of the incident that Henriette:

was not capable of forgiving, and was determined to drive away the Chevalier de Lorraine. In that she succeeded, but it cost her her life. He sent the poison from Italy by a Provençal gentleman named Morel, and to reward the latter he was made chief maître-d’hôtel.^[74]

Scandal of 1682 and second exile

In June of 1682, a scandal broke at court: there was revealed to be a group of young men who "pushed their debauchery to horrible excesses," turning the court into "a little Sodom."^[75] Only increasing the scale of the scandal was the publication that same summer of the pamphlet La France devenue italienne ("France become Italian"), titled in reference to the "Italian vice," a contemporary term for homosexuality. The pamphlet described a homosexual confraternity of young men at court who had renounced the company of women; historian Joan Pieragnoli, however, argues that such a confraternity never existed, and historian Jonathan Spangler is skeptical.^[76][77] The scandal resulted in the removal of a number of prominent noblemen from court, including Lorraine.

The investigation into the group conducted on behalf of the king by Louis François du Bouchet, Marquis de Sourches does not list Lorraine as one of the men involved; however, by the end of June, Lorraine was exiled to Villers-Cotterêts "for the same reasons that the other young men have been banished from Court."^[78] Lorraine's nephew, Henri, Count of Brionne, and his younger brother, the Count of Marsan, had both been named in Sourches' initial investigation; however, Lorraine was the only one of the three be exiled.^[79]

Two of Louis XIV's sons had been implicated in the scandal. One was Louis, Count of Vermandois, legitimized son of Louis XIV and Louise de La Vallière, who accused Lorraine of seducing him and inducing him to begin practicing homosexuality.^[80][81] The second Madame, Elizabeth Charlotte, remained convinced her entire life that Lorraine was guilty of debauching Vermandois.^[82][83][84]

Pieragnoli, however, argues that Lorraine may not have been involved with Vermandois. Aside from Lorraine's indignation at having been accused, it was not in his interest to pursue Vermandois, the seduction of whom would put Lorraine in conflict with the king.^[85] Additionally, Lorraine and Vermandois had reason to dislike each other: Lorraine had an ongoing feud with the House of Conti, which Vermandois supported; and just before the first waves of the scandal broke, on 25 June, Lorraine had been forced by the king to sell his hôtel particulier (private mansion) at Versailles to Vermandois.^[86]

Although Lorraine was allowed a brief stay at court in November, it was not until May of 1683 that the king officially permitted him to return, provided that he remain in the company of the Duke of Orléans.^[87]

Final decade

Lorraine was blamed for helping to arrange the 1692 marriage between Monsieur's only surviving son, the Duc de Chartres, and his first cousin, Mademoiselle de Blois, who was the legitimized daughter of Louis XIV and Madame de Montespan.^[88] Lorraine's creation as knight of the Order of the Holy Spirit was rumoured to be a bribe from the king to secure his support of the match, which was necessary as Lorraine was the "dominant force" in the household of the duke of Orléans.^[89]

By 1701, near the end of his life, Philippe de Lorraine had lost much of the furniture in his apartment at the Palais-Royal and in his country residence at the Château de Frémont (filled with remains from the Palatinate), his four abbeys, and all of the money he had obtained (more or less with permission) from the coffers of the State, by gambling and exploitation of his lovers;^{[citation needed]} however, he did manage to reconcile with Elizabeth Charlotte.^[90]

Saint-Simon reported rumors that Lorraine married in secret his cousin Béatrice Hiéronyme de Lorraine (1662–1738), Abbess of Remiremont.^[30]

Death

Saint-Simon records that Lorraine collapsed suddenly on 7 December, 1702, and died shortly thereafter, noting that there was no evidence of prolonged illness.^[30] This claim is disputed by the contemporary accounts of Louis I de Bouchet, Marquis de Sourches and Philippe de Courcillon, Marquis de Dangeau, who both record that Lorraine had suffered an attack of apoplexy (a contemporary term for a stroke-like illness) three months prior to his death, in September of 1702, which left him with half of his body paralyzed and difficulty speaking.^[91] Biographer Joan Pieragnoli argues that Lorraine had been putting his affairs in order since July of 1701, just four weeks after the death of the Duke of Orléans.^[92]

Philippe de Lorraine died in the Palais-Royal after midnight on 8 December 1702, aged 59, after suffering an attack of apoplexy in the afternoon of 7 December.^[93]

Honours, titles, and properties

Between 1674 and 1680, Lorraine became the titular abbot of four wealthy abbeys: the Sainte-Trinité de Tiron in 1674; Saint-Jean-des-Vignes, near Soissons, in 1678; Fleury in 1679; and Saint-Père-en-Vallée in the Diocese of Chartres in 1680.^[94] Each of these abbeys were "heads of much larger monastic networks," and likely provided an income of tens of thousands of livres annually.^[95]

In 1687, Lorraine acquired the Château de Frémont, located on the royal route between Paris and the king's hunting retreat at the Palace of Fontainebleau, and commissioned the current neoclassical design of the building.^[96] Lorraine maintained rooms at his château for both Monsieur and Madame.

The chevalier de Lorraine was created a knight of the Order of the Holy Spirit, the most prestigious military knighthood of the ancien régime, on 31 December 1688 at Versailles. Two of his brothers, Louis, Comte d'Armagnac and Charles, Comte de Marsan, were also created members of the order on the same day.^[97]