Compact closed category

A symmetric monoidal category ${\displaystyle (\mathbf {C} ,\otimes ,I)}$ is compact closed if every object ${\displaystyle A\in \mathbf {C} }$ has a dual object. If this holds, the dual object is unique up to canonical isomorphism, and is denoted ${\displaystyle A^{*}}$.

In a bit more detail, an object ${\displaystyle A^{*}}$ is called the dual of ${\displaystyle A}$ if it is equipped with two morphisms called the unit ${\displaystyle \eta _{A}:I\to A^{*}\otimes A}$ and the counit ${\displaystyle \varepsilon _{A}:A\otimes A^{*}\to I}$, satisfying the equations

${\displaystyle \lambda _{A}\circ (\varepsilon _{A}\otimes id_{A})\circ \alpha _{A,A^{*},A}^{-1}\circ (id_{A}\otimes \eta _{A})\circ \rho _{A}^{-1}=\mathrm {id} _{A}}$

and

${\displaystyle \rho _{A^{*}}\circ (id_{A^{*}}\otimes \varepsilon _{A})\circ \alpha _{A^{*},A,A^{*}}\circ (\eta _{A}\otimes id_{A^{*}})\circ \lambda _{A^{*}}^{-1}=\mathrm {id} _{A^{*}},}$

where ${\displaystyle \lambda ,\rho }$ are the introduction of the unit on the left and right, respectively, and ${\displaystyle \alpha }$ is the associator.

For clarity, we rewrite the above compositions diagrammatically. In order for ${\displaystyle (\mathbf {C} ,\otimes ,I)}$ to be compact closed, we need the following composites to equal ${\displaystyle \mathrm {id} _{A}}$:

${\displaystyle A{\xrightarrow {\cong }}A\otimes I{\xrightarrow {A\otimes \eta }}A\otimes (A^{*}\otimes A){\xrightarrow {\cong }}(A\otimes A^{*})\otimes A{\xrightarrow {\epsilon \otimes A}}I\otimes A{\xrightarrow {\cong }}A}$

and ${\displaystyle \mathrm {id} _{A^{*}}}$:

${\displaystyle A^{*}{\xrightarrow {\cong }}I\otimes A^{*}{\xrightarrow {\eta \otimes A^{*}}}(A^{*}\otimes A)\otimes A^{*}{\xrightarrow {\cong }}A^{*}\otimes (A\otimes A^{*}){\xrightarrow {A^{*}\otimes \epsilon }}A^{*}\otimes I{\xrightarrow {\cong }}A^{*}}$

More generally, suppose ${\displaystyle (\mathbf {C} ,\otimes ,I)}$ is a monoidal category, not necessarily symmetric, such as in the case of a pregroup grammar. The above notion of having a dual ${\displaystyle A^{*}}$ for each object A is replaced by that of having both a left and a right adjoint, ${\displaystyle A^{l}}$ and ${\displaystyle A^{r}}$, with a corresponding left unit ${\displaystyle \eta _{A}^{l}:I\to A\otimes A^{l}}$, right unit ${\displaystyle \eta _{A}^{r}:I\to A^{r}\otimes A}$, left counit ${\displaystyle \varepsilon _{A}^{l}:A^{l}\otimes A\to I}$, and right counit ${\displaystyle \varepsilon _{A}^{r}:A\otimes A^{r}\to I}$. These must satisfy the four yanking conditions, each of which are identities:

${\displaystyle A\to A\otimes I{\xrightarrow {\eta ^{r}}}A\otimes (A^{r}\otimes A)\to (A\otimes A^{r})\otimes A{\xrightarrow {\epsilon ^{r}}}I\otimes A\to A}$

${\displaystyle A\to I\otimes A{\xrightarrow {\eta ^{l}}}(A\otimes A^{l})\otimes A\to A\otimes (A^{l}\otimes A){\xrightarrow {\epsilon ^{l}}}A\otimes I\to A}$

and

${\displaystyle A^{r}\to I\otimes A^{r}{\xrightarrow {\eta ^{r}}}(A^{r}\otimes A)\otimes A^{r}\to A^{r}\otimes (A\otimes A^{r}){\xrightarrow {\epsilon ^{r}}}A^{r}\otimes I\to A^{r}}$

${\displaystyle A^{l}\to A^{l}\otimes I{\xrightarrow {\eta ^{l}}}A^{l}\otimes (A\otimes A^{l})\to (A^{l}\otimes A)\otimes A^{l}{\xrightarrow {\epsilon ^{l}}}I\otimes A^{l}\to A^{l}}$

That is, in the general case, a compact closed category is both left and right-rigid, and biclosed.

Non-symmetric compact closed categories find applications in linguistics, in the area of categorial grammars and specifically in pregroup grammars, where the distinct left and right adjoints are required to capture word-order in sentences. In this context, compact closed monoidal categories are called (Lambek) pregroups.

Compact closed categories are a special case of monoidal closed categories, which in turn are a special case of closed categories.

Compact closed categories are precisely the symmetric autonomous categories. They are also *-autonomous.

Every compact closed category C admits a trace. Namely, for every morphism ${\displaystyle f:A\otimes C\to B\otimes C}$, one can define

${\displaystyle \mathrm {Tr_{A,B}^{C}} (f)=\rho _{B}\circ (id_{B}\otimes \varepsilon _{C})\circ \alpha _{B,C,C^{*}}\circ (f\otimes C^{*})\circ \alpha _{A,C,C^{*}}^{-1}\circ (id_{A}\otimes \eta _{C^{*}})\circ \rho _{A}^{-1}:A\to B}$

which can be shown to be a proper trace. It helps to draw this diagrammatically: ${\displaystyle A{\xrightarrow {\cong }}A\otimes I{\xrightarrow {A\otimes \eta _{C^{*}}}}A\otimes (C\otimes C^{*}){\xrightarrow {\cong }}(A\otimes C)\otimes C^{*}{\xrightarrow {\;\;f\otimes C^{*}\;\;}}(B\otimes C)\otimes C^{*}{\xrightarrow {\cong }}B\otimes (C\otimes C^{*}){\xrightarrow {B\otimes \varepsilon _{C}}}B\otimes I{\xrightarrow {\cong }}B.}$