1940 Costa Rican general election

Since 1938, internal divisions had begun to emerge within the ruling National Republican Party. One faction coalesced around former president Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno, while another formed around the younger and increasingly influential physician and politician Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia, then 40 years old.^[5] Calderón’s growing prominence within the party proved decisive. Under his leadership, the party shifted away from its previous liberal orientation toward positions influenced by Catholic social teaching and Christian social reform, reflecting ideas he had encountered during his medical studies in Belgium. This ideological transformation would later contribute to significant political realignments and divisions within Costa Rican politics.

By contrast, the 81-year-old Jiménez gradually withdrew from active political leadership, and jimenismo lost influence to calderonismo, which also enjoyed the backing of the administration of President León Cortés Castro. Cortés initially supported Calderón’s ascendancy and reportedly encouraged Jiménez’s retirement from frontline politics.^[5]

Efforts were made to prevent a Calderonist victory through the formation of a coalition known as the National Democratic Alliance, comprising the Communist Party, a faction aligned with Jiménez, and the social democratic Guanacastecan Brotherhood. However, when Jiménez declined to stand as a candidate, the alliance collapsed, and its constituent parties contested the election separately.

Calderón was subsequently selected as the National Republican Party’s presidential nominee at its national convention and went on to win the election.^[5]